La I-orogenesis ukwakheka kwezintaba ezinkulu nokuphakama komhlaba ngokuhamba okuthile kwe amacwecwe e-tectonic. Iqiniso lokuthi uMhlaba ujikeleza kusho ukuthi usebenza njengohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo nokuthi futhi uhlangabezana nokuguqulwa okufana nezidalwa eziphilayo. Indlela elizwakalisa ngayo izinguquko endaweni nokubukeka kwe-lithosphere kungenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic kuqweqwe lomhlaba, izintaba ezintsha zakhiwa ngenqubo ebizwa nge-orogenesis.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi kabanzi nge-orogenesis nezinhlobo zayo? Sikutshela konke.
Umshini we-orogenesis
Njengoba uMhlaba ungenayo i- modus operandi kusheshisiwe, ake sithi, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi isikhathi saso sokusebenza asikho esikalini somuntu. ucabangela i- isikhathi sokuma komhlaba singakusho lokho i-orogeny inqubo ehamba kancane eyenzeka ngokuvundlile. Ukuhamba kwezingqimba ezincanyana zobuso bomhlaba lapho indawo incipha noma yinde, kuya ngohlobo lokuhamba.
Kwezinye izimo, akukho ukunwebeka noma ukuncishiswa, ukususwa nje. Kulezi zimo, izingcwecwe ze-tectonic zihamba ngo-shear futhi azinakho ukunyakaza okuguqukayo noma okuhlukile. Indlela ye-orogenesis nayo yaziwa njengohlobo lokuvuselelwa kwezintaba nezintaba ezikhona kumazwekazi.
Njengoba sazi, ngemuva kokudlula kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka, izintaba ziyawohloka futhi zilahlekelwe iziqongo zazo ngenxa yokuguguleka okuqhubekayo komoya, imvula, iqhwa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezulu kanye ama-geological agents. Ngakho-ke, okuwukuphela kwendlela umhlaba okufanele uvuselele ngayo indawo yawo nge-orogeny noma ukwakheka kwezintaba ezintsha noma izintaba.
Igama le-orogenesis livela kusethi "yegolide" okusho intaba ne "genesis" echazwa njengesiqalo noma indalo.
Ikhiqizwa kanjani?
Njengoba kuyinqubo ehamba kancane futhi kudlula izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kunezigaba ezahlukahlukene okwenzeka ngazo i-orogenesis. Ake sibheke ngamunye wabo:
- Ukugoqwa. Kunezinto ezithambile ebusweni bomhlaba ezingabumba zishayisane. Phakathi kwalezi zigaxa, indawo iqala ukushintsha. Kungabonakala ekwakhekeni kwamagquma amancane.
- Ukwehluleka. Njengoba ukugoqana kwezinto ezithambile kushayisana, kufika isikhathi lapho izinto ezinzima zishayisana. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho amafolda akhiwe ephukile.
- Yelula Lesi yisigaba sokugcina lapho yonke impahla ibuyiselwa esimweni sayo sokuqala.
Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwe-orogeny, kwesinye isikhathi kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo. Isibonelo, yilokhu okwenzekile endabeni yama-Andes. Uma i-orogen efomayo ingumshini noma ishayisana, mancane amathuba okuthi izintaba-mlilo zivele. Kodwa-ke, uma i-orogen ishisa, yebo. Kulezo zokushayisana, kwakhiwa izikhala ezigcwele amafolda nezindawo zokuqina. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ipuleti elilodwa lezwekazi liphelela kwelinye. Sibona kahle e-Alps.
Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinde ezinama-bulges amancane afana ne-arc. Lawa ma-arches anegama lamabhande we-orogenic. Kulula ukuzikhomba njengoba zimiswe okwezingcezu ezeluliwe futhi zinokuma okufana namatshe. Kuwo wonke ubude, amabhande axhumene nezikhala lapho amapuleti wetectonic ehlisa khona. Kulapha lapho kwakhiwa khona izintaba-mlilo.
Izinhlobo ze-orogenesis
I-Orogenesis inqubo engenzeka ngezindlela eziningi:
- I-symmetric orogenesis: kwenzeka lapho izingcwecwe ezimbili zezwekazi zicindezela ekucindezelekeni koqweqwe lomhlaba. Le orogeny ingabonakala empeleni ePyrenees, e-Alps nase- Himalaya.
- I-orogenesis engalingani: kulokhu, yakhiwa ngoba ipuleti lezwekazi lishayisana nelinye lolwandle. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izidalwa ziyagoqeka futhi zinqwabelane ezindaweni ezingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-oceanic plate iyanqotshwa kanye nezwekazi. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwe-orogenesis yilezi Izintaba Ezinamadwala nama-Andes.
Uhlobo lwe-Alpine orogeny luyingxenye yesikhathi semfundo ephakeme. Kulesi sakhiwo, kudale izintaba ezifana namaPyrenees, izintaba zaseCantabrian kanye ne-Alps. Uma siqhubeka nokuxhuma olayini abakhuphule lezi zintaba, singaqhubeka eMpumalanga sixhuma i-Alps neCaucasus futhi sixhumane namaHimalaya. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, izintaba zaseSpain ezinjengeBetica zakhiwa nge-alpine orogenesis. EMelika sinezintaba i-Andes kanye neRocky Mountains.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-orogeny yiHercynian. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yaqala ukwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kube nomthelela obalulekile ekugoqweni kweCaledonia, okuthinta kakhulu iYurophu, iTasmania, iNyakatho Melika kanye ne Ama-Appalachians.
Ekugcineni, i-orogeny yaseCaledonia yiyona eyenzeka ngokususwa kwamapuleti ama-tectonic ayenzeka eminyakeni engama-400 eyedlule. Kulesi sigaxa kwakhiwa uchungechunge lweCaledonia futhi izinsalela zalo zisabonakala eCanada, eNyakatho Asia, e-Australia naseScotland.
I-orogeny ithinta kanjani imvelo
Ukwakheka kwezintaba nobubanzi bezintaba kunomthelela ekuguqulweni kwemvelo ezingeni lokuma komhlaba. Njengoba usizo lushintsha, Izinhlobo zezilwane kufanele zivumelane nezindawo ezintsha futhi ziguqule izindlela zazo zokusinda. Konke lokhu kuyinqubo eyindida yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze kufundwe ngabantu, kwazise isikhathi sethu eMhlabeni sifushane kakhulu. Siphila cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngokwesilinganiso, ngakho-ke asikwazi ukubona lutho, kepha akukho lutho ngezinguquko ezikhona. Ukuphela kwento esingayiqaphela ukuzamazama komhlaba okuvela kulokhu kunyakaza kwamapuleti oMhlaba, kepha ngeke sikuqonde ukususwa kwamapuleti minyaka yonke. Siyazi ukuthi bahambisa amasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka, into engabalulekanga esilinganisweni somuntu.
Ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi ukwazi kabanzi nge-orogenesis.