La Orogenesis ukuyilwa kweentaba ezinkulu nokuphakama komhlaba ngokuhamba okuthile kwe iiplate zeetectonic. Inyaniso yokuba uMhlaba ujikeleza kuthetha ukuba usebenza njengoluhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo kwaye uphinde uguqulwe njengabantu abaphilayo. Indlela evakalisa ngayo utshintsho kumhlaba kunye nokubonakala kwe-lithosphere kukuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji kuqweqwe lomhlaba, iintaba ezintsha zenziwa yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-orogenesis.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi nge-orogenesis kunye neendidi zayo? Sikuxelela yonke into.
Indlela ye-orogenesis
Kuba uMhlaba awunawo modus operandi kukhawulezisiwe, masithi, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba umzuzu wokusebenza kwawo awukho kwinqanaba lomntu. kuthathelwa ingqalelo Ixesha lejoloji singatsho ukuba I-orogeny yinkqubo ecothayo eyenzeka ngokuthe tyaba. Yintshukumo yomaleko obhityileyo wobuso bomhlaba apho umhlaba ufinyeza okanye wande, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwentshukumo.
Kwezinye iimeko, akukho lide okanye ukunciphisa, deformation nje. Kule meko, amacwecwe e-tectonic ahamba kwi-shear kwaye awunakho ukuguqula okanye ukuhamba okungafaniyo. Indlela ye-orogenesis ikwathathelwa ingqalelo njengohlobo lokuvuselelwa kweentaba kunye neentaba ezikhoyo kumazwekazi.
Njengoko sisazi, emva kokudlula amawaka eminyaka, iintaba ziyawohloka kwaye zilahlekelwe ziincopho zazo ngenxa yokhukuliseko oluqhubekayo lomoya, imvula, ikhephu, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemozulu kunye iiarhente zejoloji. Ke, Ekuphela kwendlela umhlaba ekufuneka uvuselele umphezulu wawo nge-orogeny okanye ukwenziwa kweentaba ezintsha okanye uluhlu lweentaba.
Igama le-orogenesis livela kwiseti "yegolide" oko kukuthi intaba kunye ne "genesis" echazwa njengemvelaphi okanye indalo.
Iveliswa njani?
Kuba yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye kudlula amawaka eminyaka, izigaba ezahlukeneyo zenzeka apho i-orogenesis yenzeka khona. Masibone nganye nganye:
- Ukusonga. Kukho izinto ezithambileyo emhlabeni ezinokubumba kwaye zidibane. Ngethuba lale miqolo, indawo eqala ukutshintsha. Ingabonakala ekwakhiweni kweenduli ezincinci.
- Ukungaphumeleli. Njengoko ukungqubana kwezinto ezithambileyo kungqubana, kuye kufike ixesha laxa izinto ezinzima zingqubana. Kungelo xesha apho izibaya ezenziweyo zaphukileyo.
- Yolula. Eli linqanaba lokugqibela apho yonke into ibuyiselwe kwindawo yayo.
Ngexesha lokuvela kwe-orogeny, ngamanye amaxesha ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuyenzeka. Umzekelo, oku koko kwenzekileyo kwimeko yeeAndes. Ukuba i-orogen eyohlobo lomatshini okanye ukungqubana, akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba kuqhume i-volcano. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-orogen ishushu, ewe. Koku kungqubana, izithuba zenziwa zizele zizisonge kunye neendawo zokuqina. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba elinye ilizwekazi liphelela kwelinye. Sibona ngokucacileyo kwiiAlps.
Ngenxa yezi nkqubo, kuyilwe izakhiwo ezide ezinamacala amancinci afana ne-arc. Ezi arches zinegama leebhanti ze-orogenic. Kulula ukuzichonga njengoko zimile okwezilayi ezoluliweyo kwaye zinendawo yokuma ecaleni kwamatye. Kuwo wonke ubude beebhanti zinxulunyaniswa nezithuba apho iitectonic plates ziwisa khona. Kulapha apho kwenziwa khona iintaba-mlilo.
Iindidi ze-orogenesis
I-Orogenesis yinkqubo enokuthi yenzeke ngeendlela ezininzi:
- I-symmetric orogenesis: Kwenzeka xa amacwecwe amabini ezwekazi elinyanzela uxinzelelo kumhlaba. Le orogeny inokubonwa ngokwenyani kwiiPyrenees, kwiiAlps kunye zeHimalaya.
- I-asometric orogenesis: kule meko, yenziwa kuba ipleyiti yelizwekazi ingqubana nenye yolwandle. Xa oku kusenzeka, intlenge iyajiya kwaye iqokelelele kwimimandla yokuthimba. Ke ngoko, ipleyiti yolwandle iyathimba kwaye ilizwekazi liphezulu. Umzekelo wolu hlobo lwe-orogenesis zezi Iintaba ezinamatye kunye neeAndes.
Uhlobo lwe-Alpine-orogeny yinxalenye yeXesha leMfundo ePhakamileyo. Kolu lwakhiwo, uluhlu lweentaba ezinje ngePyrenees, iiNtaba zeCantabrian kunye neeAlps zenziwe. Ukuba siyaqhubeka nokudibanisa imigca ebangele ukuba le mimandla yeentaba inyuke, Singakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuya eMpuma sidibanisa iiAlps neCaucasus kwaye sinxibelelana neHimalaya. Ngaphandle kokuya phambili, iintlobo zeentaba zaseSpain ezinjengeBetica zenziwa ngealpine orogenesis. EMelika sineeAndes neeRocky Mountains.
Olunye uhlobo lwe-orogeny yiHercynian. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yaqala ukwenzeka kwiminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-300 eyadlulayo. Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, inefuthe elibalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lweCaledonia, ichaphazela uninzi lweYurophu, iTasmania, uMntla Merika kunye IiAppalachians.
Okokugqibela, i-orogeny yaseCaledonia yeyona yenzekayo ngokufuduswa kwamacwecwe etektoni awenzeka kwiminyaka engama-400 eyadlulayo. Kweli cala kwakhiwa ikhonkco leCaledonia kwaye iivenkile zayo zisabonakala eCanada, eMantla eAsia, eAustralia naseScotland.
I-orogeny iyichaphazela njani imeko-bume
Ukwenziwa kweentaba kunye neentaba ezinefuthe ekuguqulweni kwendalo kwinqanaba lejoloji. Njengoko uncedo lutshintsha, iintlobo kufuneka ziqhelane neemeko ezintsha kwaye ziguqule iindlela zazo zokuphila. Konke oku kuyinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuzivelela kwabantu ukuba bafunde, ngenxa yokuba ixesha lethu eMhlabeni lifutshane kakhulu. Siphila kuphela malunga ne-100 leminyaka kwi-avareji, ngenxa yoko akukho nto siyibonayo, kodwa akukho lutshintsho lukhoyo. Ekuphela kwento esinokuyibona iinyikima zomhlaba ezibangelwe kukuhamba kwamacwecwe oMhlaba, kodwa asinakukuxabisa ukufuduswa kwamacwecwe minyaka le. Siyazi ukuba bahamba iisentimitha ezimbalwa ngonyaka, into engabalulekanga kubungakanani babantu.
Ngolu lwazi uya kuba nakho ukwazi ngakumbi nge-orogenesis.