Enye yezikhathi zesikhathi UNeogene kwakukhona vele I-Cenozoic kwakunguye Miocene. Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, inani elikhulu lezehlakalo zenzeka kuzo zombili izigaba zokuma komhlaba, isimo sezulu kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kwenzeka, kuqala ngamaconsi bese kukhuphuka kancane. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, i-geology, isimo sezulu, izimbali nezilwane zaseMiocene.
Izici eziyinhloko
Le nkathi yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23 edlule futhi yaphela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule. Izinguquko zatholwa ezingeni le-orogenic lapho iziqu zezintaba ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yamarekhodi amaningi ezimbiwa phansi, kuye kwenzeka ukubona ukuthi bekuyisiteji esinokukhula okukhulu ezingeni lezinto eziphilayo lapho bekunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezincelisayo. Leli qembu yilona elathola intuthuko enkulu nokwehlukahlukana emhlabeni wonke.
IMiocene Geology
Ngesikhathi seMiocene kwenzeka umsebenzi omkhulu wokuma komhlaba njengoba kwaba nokunyakaza okukhulu ezwenikazi laqhubeka nokufuduka kwabo Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Ngale ndlela, ibicishe ivele ithathe indawo enayo namuhla. Kunochwepheshe abaningi abathi, ngaleso sikhathi, iplanethi ibivele inakho ukucushwa okufanayo njengoba inakho namuhla.
Esinye sezigameko ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuma komhlaba kwaba ukushayisana kwesifundazwe esisenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika nenhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Lo mcimbi obaluleke kangaka ububaluleke kakhulu njengoba ube nomphumela wokuthi kuvalwe olunye lwezilwandle kumele ngabe lwalukhona kuze kube manje. Ulwandle kwakuyiParatetis.
Ngalesi sikhathi ukuhamba kweNdiya kwakungakaze kuphele. Ushiye lapho ebambe khona futhi ecindezela esifundeni sase-Asia. Lokhu kudale izintaba ze Himalaya yayikhula ngokwanda ukuphakama nokwakha iziqongo eziphakeme. Ku-geography yeMedithera kunomsebenzi omkhulu we-orogenic futhi kulokhu kulapho izintaba ezaziwa kangcono zikhuliswe khona namhlanje.
Isimo sezulu saseMiocene
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni kwendatshana, isimo sezulu salesi sikhathi sasibonakala kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ekuqaleni futhi njengomphumela wokwandiswa kwe- ukunwetshwa kweqhwa kuzo zombili izigxobo. Lokhu kunwetshwa kweqhwa kubangelwe kusukela esikhathini esedlule esaziwa njenge Kulungile. Ezinye izindawo bekufanele zithole ezinye izindawo ezomile ngoba bezingakwazi ukugcina umswakama. Khumbula ukuthi umswakama ukhiye ekuthuthukiseni ama-microorganisms nezitshalo.
Lesi sikhathi esinamazinga okushisa aphansi kangako asihlali isikhathi eside. Okucishe kube ngaphansi maphakathi neMiocene kulapho izinga lokushisa lomhlaba liqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu. Leli qiniso lokunyuka kwamazinga okushisa laziwa njenge Isimo sezulu esihle seMiocene. Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi amazinga okushisa asezingeni elincane akhuphuka aya kuma-5 degrees ngaphezu kwamazinga okushisa amanje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iplanethi isivele ibhekane nokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa okukhulu kunanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ubude besikhathi salokhu kwanda buhamba kancane, okunikeza izinhlobo eziningi isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni esibhekene nakho njengamanje kuyanda ngokwesilinganiso sabantu. Lokhu kwenza izidalwa eziphilayo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni, isimo sezulu esipholile singakhula.
Ngokwakha izintaba ezinokubaluleka nokuphakama okukhulu, yakwenza Imvula izokwehla kakhulu. Njengoba iMiocene iqhubeka, yonke iplanethi yaphendukela esimweni sezulu esomile. Ngalesi sizathu, zonke izandiso zehlathi zancishiswa futhi izingwadule nama-tundras enwetshiwe.
Flora
Iningi lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezaziseMiocene ziyatholakala namuhla. Kungabonwa kuso sonke lesi sikhathi sesikhathi esasikhona ukwehla okuphawulekayo emahlathini nasemahlathini ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa nokunwebeka komswakama oshiwo ngenhla. Njengoba imvula ibiphansi futhi iphansi izitshalo nazo bekufanele zivumelane nalezi zinguquko.
Ngesikhathi seMiocene baqala kulawula izitshalo ezinomuthi nezinye ezinobukhulu obuncane ezimelana kakhulu nesikhathi eside sesomiso. Enye yalezi zinhlobo yi-chaparral. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-angiosperms nawo achuma, okuyizitshalo esezivele zimboze imbewu.
Fauna
Izilwane ezincelisayo kwakuyiqembu lezilwane eliphambili kakhulu ngesikhathi seMiocene. Bangakwazi ukwehluka ngezinga elikhulu ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu. Ukuvalwa kolwandle iParatetis nakho bekubandakanyekile. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zizokhula, kusuka eqenjini elincane kakhulu lamagundane kuya ezincelisayo ezinkulu njengezinye zasolwandle.
Izinyoni nazo zikhuliswe kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba ezazilawula isikhathi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Gomphotherium (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Amphicyon (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Merychippus (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Astrapotherium (Ukuqothulwa)
- I-Megapedetese (Ukuqothulwa)
Kusukela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zasemanzini siyabona futhi ukuthi zazinhlobonhlobo futhi okhokho bemikhomo yamanje babe nemvelaphi yabo. Phakathi kwalabo abakhula futhi bathuthuka kakhulu kunalezo ezazingezeqembu le-cetaceans, ikakhulukazi ama-odontocetes. Lezi kwakuyizilwane ezinamazinyo ezazifinyelela ubude obufinyelela kumamitha ayi-14. Ukudla kwabo kwakudla ngokuphelele futhi babedla ezinye izinhlanzi, ama-squid ngisho nama-cetacean eqembu elifanayo.
Akufanele sikhohlwe izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Siphinde sathola uhla lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhule kahle impela. Izinsalela zitholakale kuphela engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Ufudu lwamanzi angenasawoti lunkulu kakhulu kuze kube manje. Izinsalela zisikhombisa ufudu olungaba cishe amamitha amabili ubude. Kwakukudla okudlayo futhi isisulu saso kwakuyizilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinhlanzi.
Njengoba ubona, lesi sikhathi bekukuhle impela ekuthuthukiseni konke okuphilayo emhlabeni. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesikhathi seMiocene.