Isikhathi se-Eocene

Enye yezikhathi ezakha inkathi yePaleogene yenkathi ka Mesozoic yiyona Kulungile. Lesi ngesinye sezikhathi ezinezinguquko ezinkulu kusukela ekubukeni komhlaba nokwakheka kwezinto. Ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa izintaba ezinkulu ngenxa yokushayisana kwezixuku ezinkulu zamazwekazi. Lezi zixuku zezwekazi bezihamba zibonga umphumela we Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi.

Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalesi sikhathi ekuthuthukiseni impilo, sizonikezela lo mbhalo ukuze sichaze konke odinga ukukwazi nge-Eocene.

Izici eziyinhloko

Yize kubonakala kungqubuzana nalokho esasikushilo ekuqaleni, kuyisikhathi sokwehlukana, njengoba izwekazi elikhulu iPangea, okwakukhona kuze kube manje okwakuwukuphela kwalo umhlaba, lalihlukanisa cishe lonke. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo nezilwane zavela futhi zahlukahluka, kufaka phakathi izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

Isikhathi esiphelele sale nkathi ngu cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-23, isatshalaliswe eminyakeni emi-4. Yisikhathi senguquko lapho iplanethi yethu yathola khona ukuguqulwa okuningi kusuka endaweni yokubuka komhlaba, okugqame kakhulu kube yileso esesikhulumile ngezwekazi elikhulu iPangea, elahlukahlukana lakha amazwekazi esiwaziyo namuhla. Kwakuyisikhathi esigcwele kakhulu imicimbi yesimo sezulu ebaluleke kakhulu njengomcimbi we-Azolla.

I-Eocene Geology

Ngalesi sikhathi iplanethi yethu yabhekana nokusebenza okuphezulu komhlaba okwaholela ekuqhekekeni kwePangea. Ingxenye esenyakatho eyaziwa ngokuthi yiLaurasia yayihlukaniswe kabanzi futhi kwaholela ekwehlukaneni kwalokho okwaziwayo namuhla njengeGreenland, iYurophu neNyakatho Melika. Ngayinye yalezi zingcezu zezwekazi lasePangea lalihamba ngenxa yokukhukhumala kwezwekazi laze labekwa endaweni elinayo namuhla.

Ucezu lwe-Afrika, olwaziwa ngokuthi izwekazi laseNdiya lushayisane nezwekazi lase-Asia. Lokhu yilokho okwaziwa namuhla njengeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia. Kubalulekile ukuthi ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sePliocene kube khona izingcezu zePangea ezazisahlangene. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomphumela wokuqhuma kwezwekazi zombili izingcezu zehlukaniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Antarctica yayihambela eningizimu futhi ihlala kulesi sikhundla esinaso njengamanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Australia yashintshela kancane enyakatho.

Mayelana nezindikimba zamanzi, kube nezinguquko nasemisakazweni yolwandle ngaphandle kwezilwandle ngenxa yokuhamba kwalezi zinkumbi zomhlaba ezinkulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ulwandle iTetis lwagcina ngokunyamalala ngenxa yokuhlangana kabusha okwakukhona phakathi kwezwekazi lase-Afrika ne-Eurasia. Okuphambene kwenzeka nge-Atlantic Ocean. Kulokhu, lolu lwandle lwalukhula futhi luthola umhlaba ngokubonga ngokufuduka iNyakatho Melika eyayinakho ngasentshonalanga. I-Pacific Ocean yahlala ilulwandle olujule kakhulu futhi olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni njenganamuhla.

Mayelana ne-Eocene orogeny, sithola ukuthi bekuyisikhathi esinemisebenzi ephezulu yokwakheka komhlaba lapho kwakhiwa khona inani elikhulu lezintaba ezisele namuhla. Ekushayisaneni esesikubalulile phakathi kwamanje okuyiNdiya nezwekazi lase-Asia, yilona elakha uchungechunge lwezintaba olunamanani aphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni abizwa ngeCordillera del Himalaya. INyakatho Melika nayo ibinomsebenzi obalulekile we-orogenic lapho iholele ekwakhiweni kwezintaba Ama-Appalachians.

Isimo Sezulu Esilungile

Izimo zezulu ngesikhathi sePliocene bezizinzile impela. Ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa elincane eliphakeme elicishe libe ngu-7-8 degrees ngokwesilinganiso. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwenzeka kuphela ekuqaleni. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Paleocene thermal maximum. Ekupheleni kwe-Eocene, kwenzeke omunye umcimbi owaguqula kakhulu izimo zemvelo ezazikhona. Lowo mcimbi ubizwa nge-Azolla.

Ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa ekuqaleni kwePliocene kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-55 edlule. Phakathi nale nqubo, kwakungekho iqhwa emhlabeni. Ezindaweni lapho kunezindawo ezibandayo ezikhona namuhla, bekukhona imvelo yehlathi elipholile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholakala ukuthi ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba bekungukukhishwa kwesikhutha emkhathini ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo.

Zonke lezi zimo zemvelo bezizinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nesimo sezulu sabusa njengamazinga okushisa aphezulu nemvula encane. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lezi zimo zabonakala zizinza futhi imvula yabuyela emuva. Ngenxa yalokhu isimo sezulu seplanethi kwaba nomswakama futhi kwafudumala kwahlala kuyo yonke ingxenye enkulu ye-Eocene.

Maphakathi ne-Eocene lo mcimbi wesimo sezulu esiwubize nge-Azolla wenzeka. Lokhu ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lomkhathi lesikhutha. Lezi zimo ziholele ekwandeni okungalawuleki kohlobo lwefern olubizwa nge-Azolla folliculoides, yingakho igama lalo mcimbi.

Izimbali nezilwane

Izimo zemvelo zeplanethi zivumele ukukhula okuhle kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, zombili izilwane nezitshalo. Kuyo yonke inkathi ye-Eocene kwakukhona inala enkulu nokwehluka kwezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yesimo sezulu esiswakeme nesifudumele.

Ngokuphathelene nezimbali, kube nezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu ngenxa yezimo zezulu. Kwakunenqwaba yamahlathi namahlathi nobufakazi obuncane bezigxobo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphakeme. Ukuphela kwendawo lapho kwakukhona okungenani inani lezitshalo kwakuyilezo zemvelo zasogwadule.

Ngokuqondene nezilwane, amaqembu ezilwane ayehlukene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinyoni zaziphumelela kakhulu ngenxa yezimo ezinhle zezemvelo kanti ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zazizidlakela ezinamandla namaqembu amabili ezidalwa. Kwakunamaqembu ezinyoni ayebonakala ngosayizi omkhulu oqinisekisiwe ngenxa yobukhona bamarekhodi ezinsalela.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Eocene Epoch.