Umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi

Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi

Esikhathini esedlule, amazwekazi bekucatshangwa ukuthi ahlala engaguquki izigidi zeminyaka. Akukho okwakwaziwa ukuthi uqweqwe loMhlaba lwalwenziwe ngamacwecwe ahambisa imisinga ye-convection yengubo. Kodwa-ke, usosayensi u-Alfred Wegener waphakamisa umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Lo mbono wathi amazwekazi ayesehambe iminyaka eyizigidi futhi namanje asakwenza lokho.

Ngokwalokho okungalindelwa, lo mbono wawuyinguquko enkulu emhlabeni wesayensi nokwakheka komhlaba. Ngabe ufuna ukufunda konke mayelana nokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi futhi uthole izimfihlo zalo?

Umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi

amazwekazi ndawonye

Lo mbono ubhekisela ukunyakaza kwamanje kwamapuleti ezisekela amazwekazi futhi ezihamba ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuma komhlaba woMhlaba, amazwekazi abengakabi sendaweni efanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kunochungechunge lobufakazi esizobubona kamuva obasiza u-Wegener ukuphikisa umbono wakhe.

Ukunyakaza kungenxa yokwakheka okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha ezivela engutsheni. Lokhu kwaziswa kudalwe kuqweqwe lwasolwandle. Ngale ndlela, impahla entsha inamandla kule ekhona futhi ibangela ukuthi amazwekazi agudluke.

Uma ubhekisisa kahle ukwakheka kwawo wonke amazwekazi, kubukeka sengathi iMelika ne-Afrika bebumbene. Kulokhu isazi sefilosofi saqaphela UFrancis Bacon ngonyaka we-1620. Kodwa-ke, akazange aphakamise noma yimuphi umbono wokuthi lawa mazwekazi ayehlala ndawonye phambilini.

Lokhu kushiwo ngu-Antonio Snider, waseMelika owayehlala eParis. Ngo-1858 waphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amazwekazi angahamba.

Kwakungo-1915 lapho isazi sezulu saseJalimane u-Alfred Wegener sishicilela incwadi yaso ebizwa ngokuthi "Umsuka wamazwekazi nolwandle". Kuyo waveza yonke imfundiso yokuzulazula kwezwekazi. Ngakho-ke, u-Wegener uthathwa njengombhali wenkolelo-mbono.

Encwadini wachaza ukuthi iplanethi yethu ibisingathe kanjani uhlobo lwezwekazi lezwe. Lokho wukuthi, wonke amazwekazi esinawo namuhla ake aba ndawonye akha into eyodwa. Wabiza lelo zwekazi I-Pangea. Ngenxa yamandla angaphakathi oMhlaba, uPangea wayezokwephuka futhi asuke kancane kancane. Ngemuva kokudlula kwezigidi zeminyaka, amazwekazi azobe esesikhundleni abenza kuso namuhla.

Ubufakazi nobufakazi

ukuhlelwa kwamazwekazi ezikhathini ezedlule

Ngokwalo mbono, ngokuzayo, eminyakeni eyizigidi kusukela manje, amazwekazi azohlangana futhi. Yini eyenza ukuthi kubaluleke ukukhombisa lethiyori ngobufakazi nobufakazi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Paleomagnetic

Ubufakazi bokuqala obabenza bamkholwa kwakuyincazelo ye-paleo magnetism. Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba bekungahlali kusimo esifanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Njalo, amandla kazibuthe ahlehlisiwe. Yini manje isigxobo esiseningizimu esasibhekiswe enyakatho, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kuyaziwa ngoba amatshe amaningi wokuqukethwe kwensimbi ephezulu athola ukuqondiswa kwesibalo samanje kazibuthe. Kutholakale amadwala kazibuthe okuthi ipolo lakhe lasenyakatho likhombe esigxotsheni esiseningizimu. Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo, kufanele ukuthi kwakungolunye uhlangothi.

Le paleomagnetism ayikwazanga ukukalwa kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950. Yize kungenzeka ukukala, imiphumela ebuthakathaka kakhulu yathathwa. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwalezi zilinganiso kuphumelele ukunquma ukuthi amazwekazi akuphi. Ungasho lokhu ngokubheka ukuma nobudala bamatshe. Ngale ndlela, kungakhonjiswa ukuthi wonke amazwekazi ake aba munye.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo

Olunye lwezivivinyo olwaxaka ngaphezu kokukodwa kwakuyizinto eziphilayo. Kokubili izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo zitholakala kumazwekazi ahlukahlukene. Kuyinto engacabangeki ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto ezingafuduki zingahamba zisuka kwelinye izwekazi ziye kwelinye. Okusikisela ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi babekuleli zwekazi elifanayo. Lezi zinhlobo zazihlakazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba amazwekazi ayehamba.

Futhi, entshonalanga ye-Afrika nasempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika ukwakheka kwamadwala kohlobo olufanayo nobudala kutholakala.

Okunye okutholakele okwenze lokhu kuhlolwa kwaba ukutholakala kwezinsalela zomthofu ofanayo omuncu eSouth America, South Africa, Antarctica, India nase-Australia. Izinhlobo ezifanayo zika-fern zingavela kanjani ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene? Kwaqedwa ukuthi bahlala ndawonye ePangea. Izinsalela zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zaseLystrosaurus zitholakale naseNingizimu Afrika, eNdiya, nase-Antarctica, naseMesosaurus izinsalela eBrazil naseNingizimu Afrika.

Zombili izitshalo nezilwane kwakungezendawo ezifanayo eziye zakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lapho ibanga phakathi kwamazwekazi lalilikhulu kakhulu, uhlobo ngalunye lwaluzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Geological

Sekuvele kushiwo ukuthi imiphetho ye- amashalofu ezwekazi e-Afrika naseMelika ahlangana kahle. Futhi bake baba munye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanaso nje kuphela isimo sephazili, kodwa ukuqhubeka kwezintaba zezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika kanye ne-Afrika. Namuhla i-Atlantic Ocean yiyo ephethe ukuhlukanisa lezi zintaba.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Paleoclimatic

Isimo sezulu naso sisize ukuhunyushwa kwalo mbono. Ubufakazi bephethini efanayo yokuqhuma batholakala kumazwekazi ahlukene. Njengamanje, izwekazi ngalinye linombuso walo wemvula, umoya, izinga lokushisa, njll. Kodwa-ke, lapho wonke amazwekazi akha elinye, kwaba nesimo sezulu esihlangene.

Ngokwengeziwe, amadiphozi afanayo e-moraine atholakele eNingizimu Afrika, eNingizimu Melika, e-India nase-Australia.

Izigaba zokukhukhuka kwezwekazi

Umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi

Ukuqhuma kwamazwekazi kuye kwenzeka kuwo wonke umlando weplanethi. Ngokwesimo samazwekazi emhlabeni, impilo yakhiwe ngandlela thile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi linezigaba eziphawuleka kakhulu ezikhomba ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwamazwekazi futhi, ngawo, kwe izindlela ezintsha zempilo. Siyakhumbula ukuthi izidalwa eziphilayo zidinga ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo futhi, ngokuya ngezimo zazo zesimo sezulu, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphawulwa ngezimpawu ezahlukahlukene.

Sizohlaziya ukuthi iziphi izigaba eziyinhloko zokukhukhuka kwezwekazi:

  • Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1100 edlule: ukwakheka kwezwekazi lokuqala okwenzeka emhlabeni kwenzeka eRodinia. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, uPangea wayengeyena owokuqala. Noma kunjalo, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amazwekazi adlule abekhona akunqatshiwe, yize bungekho ubufakazi obanele.
  • Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-600 edlule: URodinia uthathe cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-150 wahlukana futhi kwaqanjwa ibhande lezwekazi lesibili elibizwa ngokuthi iPannotia. Sinesikhathi esifushane, seminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-60 kuphela.
  • Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-540 edlule, IPannotia yahlukana yaba yiGondwana neProto-Laurasia.
  • Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-500 edlule: IProto-Laurasia yahlukaniswa yaba amazwekazi amathathu amasha abizwa ngeLaurentia, iSiberia, neBaltic. Ngale ndlela, lesi sigaba sakhiqiza izilwandle ezimbili ezintsha ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Iapetus neKhanty.
  • Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-485 edlule: I-Avalonia yehlukaniswe neGondwana (izwe elihambisana ne-United States, Nova Scotia ne-England. IBaltic, iLaurentia, ne-Avalonia zashayisana zakha i-Euramérica.
  • Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-300 edlule: kwakukhona amazwekazi amakhulu ama-2 kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinePangea. yayikhona cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-225 edlule. I-Pangea kwakuwukuba khona kwe-supercontinent eyodwa lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo zisakazeka khona. Uma sibheka isilinganiso sesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, siyabona ukuthi leli lizwekazi elikhulu lalikhona ngesikhathi sePermian. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sineSiberia. Womabili la mazwekazi ayezungezwe i-Panthalassa Ocean, okuwukuphela kolwandle olwalukhona.
  • Laurasia noGondwana: Ngenxa yokuhlukana kwePangea, kwasungulwa iLaurasia neGondwana. I-Antarctica nayo yaqala ukwakheka kuyo yonke inkathi yeTriassic. Kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 eyedlule futhi kwaqala ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezinto eziphilayo

Yize lapho amazwekazi esehlukanisiwe uhlobo ngalunye lwathola igatsha elisha ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, kunezinhlobo ezinezici ezifanayo kumazwekazi ahlukene. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufana nokufana kofuzo nezinhlobo ezivela kwamanye amazwekazi. Umehluko phakathi kwabo ukuthi baguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuzitholela kuzilungiselelo ezintsha. Isibonelo salokhu umnenke wasengadini esitholakale eNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasia.

Ngabo bonke lobu bufakazi, uWegener wazama ukuvikela umbono wakhe. Zonke lezi zimpikiswano bezigculisa umphakathi wesayensi. Wayethole ngempela ukutholwa okukhulu obekuzovumela ukuqhamuka kwesayensi.


Amazwana, shiya okwakho

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

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  1. Ubhekele imininingwane: Miguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.

  1.   UJuan Pablo kusho

    Ngiyayithanda, lo mbono ubonakala muhle kakhulu futhi ngiyakholelwa ukuthi iMelika ne-Afrika ngabe bebehlangene ngoba kubonakala kuyindida. 🙂