Isikhathi seCenozoic sahlukaniswa saba yizikhathi ezahlukahlukene, futhi, saba yizikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngenkathi yesibili yalesi sikhathi futhi yiyona UNeogene. Iqale cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23 edlule futhi yaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2.6 edlule. Kuyisikhathi lapho iplanethi yathola khona uchungechunge lwezinguquko nokuguqulwa ezingeni le-geological kanye nasezingeni lezinto eziphilayo. Esinye sezigameko ezinkulu kakhulu kule nkathi ebalulekile ukuvela kwe-Australopithecus, enye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko ngaphambi kokudlula I-Homo sapiens.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngeNeogene nokubaluleka kwayo kwi-geology.
Izici eziyinhloko
Isigaba seNeogene yisona lapho iplanethi yethu yahlangabezana nokusebenza okuphezulu kokuma komhlaba maqondana ne Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi njengasolwandle. Futhi yilokho amazwekazi baqhubeke nokuthuthela ezindaweni zabo njengamanje ngenxa yalokho kunyakaza kwama-plate tectonics okubangelwe yi- imibukiso ye-convection yengubo yomhlaba.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuhamba kwamapuleti ezwekazi, umsebenzi wasolwandle nawo ushintshile. Imisinga yasolwandle yashintshwa kusukela ezinye izinhlobo zezithiyo zomzimba kanye nezinguquko emibusweni yomoya kwavela ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Lo mcimbi ububaluleke impela njengoba ube nomphumela osheshayo emazingeni okushisa oLwandle i-Atlantic. Esinye sezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomzimba ezavela ngenxa yalokhu kuhamba kwamapuleti kwakuyi-isthmus yePanama.
Ngalesi sigaba, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nakho kwathuthuka kakhulu. Amaqembu asemhlabeni wezilwane ezincelisayo yiwo athola ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nemvelo yasolwandle nakho kwaba nempumelelo enkulu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Neogene Geology
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, lesi yisikhathi lapho kunomsebenzi ophakeme wokwakheka komhlaba kusuka endaweni yokubuka ye-orogenic nasendaweni yokubuka kokuhamba kwezwekazi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwePangea kwaqhubeka futhi izingcezu ezahlukahlukene ezaqala zaqala ukwakha ukufuduka ngezindlela ezihlukile.
Ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi sesikhathi, izindawo eziningi zomhlaba zashayisana ne-Eurasia eseningizimu. Lezi zindimbane bekuyiNyakatho Afrika kanye naleyo ehambelana neNdiya. I-India ayinakuba yingxenye ebinendawo yayo yezwekazi kepha ebicindezela i-Eurasia. Yile ndlela izixuku zezwekazi ezikhuphuke ngayo zakha i-orogeny esiyazi namuhla njenge- Himalaya.
Ukwakheka kwesiqeshana sePanama kube nemiphumela esheshayo ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuqondile, ihlasele amazinga okushisa oLwandlekazi iPacific kanye ne-Atlantic, yabenza bancipha.
Isimo sezulu
Ngokwesimo sezulu, kuso sonke lesi sikhathi iplanethi yethu ibiphawuleka ngokwehla kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba. Ikakhulukazi, izindawo ezazitholakala enyakatho Nenkabazwe zazinesimo sezulu esifudumele kancane kunaleso esasisesigodini esiseningizimu. Ngendlela efanayo, isimo sezulu sashintshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kwaba khona nemvelo. Lezi zinguquko emvelweni zibangelwa ukuguquguquka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezimweni ezintsha zemvelo ezinikezwa ngumhlaba oguqukayo.
Ngale ndlela, izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi zehlulekile ukuguquguquka futhi zivumelane nezimo ezintsha zemvelo, ngakho-ke zanyamalala, kwaveza imvelo lapho kwakudla khona utshani kanye nezindawo ezinezihlahla ezinesibalo esikhulu sezitshalo eziyingozi. Ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi izingongolo zeplanethi zazimbozwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa njengoba zisenza namuhla. Izimiso zemvelo ezazibusa kakhulu yilezo ezazinezimila ezazakhiwe ngenani elikhulu lezitshalo ezinomuthi futhi izihlahla zazo ezazimele kakhulu kwakungu-conifers.
Izimbali zeNeogene
Ngesikhathi seNeogene kwaba nokwandiswa kwezinhlobo zempilo ezazikhona kusukela ngePaleogene. Amazinga okushisa omhlaba womhlaba abenomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusungulweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezintsha. Ukuvela kokuzivumelanisa nalezi zindawo kungadala izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila. Izilwane yizona ezabhekana nokwehlukana okukhulu kakhulu kusukela izimbali zahlala zimile kancane ngenxa yokwehla kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba.
Izimbali zazinqunyelwe yisimo sezulu kwazise ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlathi noma amahlathi anezandiso ezinkulu kwakulinganiselwe futhi kwabangela nokuthi ama-hektha amakhulu azo anyamalale. Njengoba amahlathi amakhulu namahlathi kungatholakali kunamazinga okushisa aphansi kangako, izitshalo zakhiwa ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo enamazinga okushisa aphansi, njengezitshalo ezinobuthi.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakhuluma ngalesi sikhathi lapho bekhomba ezingeni le-flora njengo »Iminyaka yamakhambi». Hhayi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinhlobo eziningi zama-angiosperms zikwazile ukusungula nokuthuthuka ngempumelelo.
Fauna
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane zaseNeogene, siyabona ukuthi kunokuhlukahluka okubanzi kwamaqembu ezilwane eziningi esizaziyo namuhla. Amaqembu aphumelele kakhulu kwakuyizilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Asikwazi ukukhohlwa imvelo yasolwandle lapho iqembu lama-cetaceans libuye laba nokuhlukahluka okukhulu.
Izinyoni zohlelo lwabantu abadlulayo kanye nalokho okuthiwa "izinyoni zokwesaba" bekuyilezo ezazitholakala ikakhulu ezwenikazi laseMelika. Namuhla, izinyoni zohlelo lwabadluli ziyiqembu lezinyoni ezahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ezibanzi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bakwazile ukugcina ukusinda kwabo isikhathi eside futhi babonakala ikakhulukazi yimilenze yabo ebavumela ukuba bahlale emagatsheni ezihlahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamandla okucula futhi lokhu kubenza babe nemikhuba eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlangana.
Ezincelisayo singasho ukuthi nguyena othole ukwehlukahlukana okubanzi. Zonke izindlela ze- Umndeni wakwaBovidae okuvela kuwo izimbuzi, izinhlwathi, izimvu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezomndeni wakwaCervidae, Lapho izinyamazane zingezenyamazane nezinyamazane zikhulise kakhulu ububanzi bazo.
Iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo elimake umcimbi obaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyilelo lokuqala lokuthakazelisa. Yi-Australopithecus futhi ibonakala ngobukhulu bayo obuncane nokunyakaza kwayo kwe-bipedal.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngeNeogene.