Ixesha elifanelekileyo

Enye yeendlela ezenze ixesha lePaleogene Mesozoic yiyo Ilungile. Eli lelinye lamaxesha aneenguqu ezinkulu ezivela kumbono wejoloji kunye nebhayiloji. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, iindawo ezinkulu zeentaba zenziwa ngenxa yongqubano lwabantu abaninzi belizwekazi. Ezi zwekazi zazishukuma ngenxa yempembelelo ye Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi.

Ngenxa yokubaluleka kweli xesha kuphuhliso lobomi, siza kunikezela esi sithuba sichaze yonke into oyifunayo malunga ne-Eocene.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Nangona kubonakala ngathi kuyaphikisana noko besikukhankanyile ekuqaleni, lixesha lokwahlukana, kuba ilizwekazi eliphambili iPangea, elalikukuphela kobunzima bomhlaba, lalisahlula phantse ngokupheleleyo. Iindidi ezinkulu zeentyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ziye zavela zaza zahluka, kubandakanya iintaka kunye nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle.

Ixesha elipheleleyo leli xesha li malunga nezigidi ezingama-23 zeminyaka, isasazwe kwiminyaka emi-4. Lixesha lotshintsho apho iplanethi yethu iye yafumana utshintsho olukhulu ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga komhlaba, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yile siyikhankanyileyo kwilizwekazi eliphambili iPangea, eyahluka-hlukeneyo yenze amazwekazi esiwaziyo namhlanje. Kwakulixesha eligcwele kakhulu Iziganeko zemozulu ezinokubaluleka okukhulu njengomsitho weAzolla.

I-Geococation yeGeocene

Ngeli xesha iplanethi yethu yafumana umsebenzi ophakamileyo wejoloji owakhokelela ekwahlukaneni kwePangea. Inxalenye esemantla eyaziwa ngokuba yiLaurasia yaqhekeka ngokubanzi kwaye yakhokelela ekwahlukaneni kwento eyaziwa namhlanje njengeGreenland, iYurophu noMntla Melika. Elinye lala maqhekeza ezwekazi lasePangea ahamba ngenxa yokuhamba kwelizwekazi de labekwa kwindawo elinayo namhlanje.

Inxalenye yeAfrika, eyaziwa njenge-Indian subcontinent yadibana nelizwekazi laseAsia. Oku koko kwaziwa namhlanje njengeSingasiqithi waseArabhiya. Kubalulekile ukuba ekuqaleni kwexesha lePliocene kukho iziqwengana zePangea ezazisamanyene. Nangona kunjalo, enkosi kwisiphumo sokuhamba kwamazwekazi omabini amaqhekeza ahlukanisiwe. Kwelinye icala, iAntarctica yayihamba isiya emazantsi kwaye ihlala kwindawo ekuyo ngoku. Kwelinye icala, i-Australia yatshintshela emantla.

Ngokubhekisele kwimizimba yamanzi, kwabakho notshintsho kumaza olwandle ngaphandle kweelwandle ngenxa yokuhamba kwezi ndawo zininzi zomhlaba. Kwisandle esinye, Ulwandle iTetis lwaphela ngokunyamalala ngenxa yokuhlangana kwakhona phakathi kwelizwekazi laseAfrika ne-Eurasia. Okuchasene kwenzeka ngoLwandlekazi lweAtlantic. Kule meko, olu lwandle lwalukhula kwaye lufumana ngakumbi nangakumbi umhlaba ngenxa yokufuduswa kwabantu eMntla Melika kwicala lasentshona. Ulwandlekazi lwePasifiki lwahlala lolona lwandle lunzulu nolona lukhulu emhlabeni njengoko kunjalo namhlanje.

Ngokumalunga ne-Eocene orogeny, sifumanisa ukuba yayilixesha elinomsebenzi ophakamileyo wejoloji apho kwakusenziwa khona inani elikhulu leentaba ezisaseleyo namhlanje. Kwingxabano ebesiyikhankanyile phakathi kwento eyi-India ngoku kunye nelizwekazi lase-Asiya, yiyo eyenze intambo yeentaba eneencopho eziphakamileyo emhlabeni ezaziwa ngokuba yiCordillera del zeHimalaya. Intshona Melika ikwanomsebenzi obalulekileyo we-orogenic apho yabangela ukuyilwa kweentaba IiAppalachians.

Imozulu elungileyo

Imozulu ngexesha lePliocene zazizinzile. Ekuqaleni kweli xesha, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aphezulu angange-7-8 degrees ngokomndilili. Olu konyuka lwenzeka kuphela ekuqaleni. Ngeli xesha yayisaziwa njengeyona Paleocene thermal maximum. Ekupheleni kwe-Eocene, kwenzeka esinye isiganeko esiguqule imeko yezendalo ezazikhona. Lo msitho ubizwa ngokuba nguAzolla.

Ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu ekuqaleni kwePliocene kwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-55 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, kwakungekho ice ngumhlaba. Kwiindawo apho iindawo ezinomkhenkce zikhona namhlanje, bekukho indalo ephilayo yehlathi. Ukongeza, kukholelwa ukuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi yayikukhutshwa kwekhabhon dioksayidi kwiatmosfera ngenxa yemisebenzi ephezulu yentaba-mlilo.

Zonke ezi meko zokusingqongileyo bezizinzile ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye imozulu ilawula njengamaqondo aphezulu obushushu kunye nemvula encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha ezi meko zibonakala zizinzile kwaye imvula ibuyele kuninzi. Ngenxa yezi meko zemozulu kuye kwafuma kwaye kwashushu, kwahlala kuyo yonke indawo ye-Eocene.

Embindini weEocene lo msitho wemozulu siwubize ngokuba yiAzolla wenzeka. Oku kukuhla kwamaqondo obushushu ngenxa yokuhla koxinzelelo lweatmosfera yecarbon dioxide. Ezi meko zikhokelele kukwanda okungalawulwayo kohlobo lwefern olubizwa ngokuba yiAzolla folliculoides, kungoko igama lalo msitho.

Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana

Iimeko zokusingqongileyo zeplanethi zivumele ukukhula okuhle kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Ngalo lonke ixesha le-Eocene bekukho ubuninzi kunye nokwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yomshushu kunye nokushushubeza kwemozulu.

Ngokubhekisele kwiintyatyambo, kwabakho utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yemozulu. Kwakukho ihlathi elininzi kunye namahlathi kunye nobungqina obuncinci beepali ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Indawo ekuphela kwazo apho ubuncinci bezityalo bezikho kuloo nkqubo yasentlango.

Ngokubhekisele kwizilwanyana, amaqela ezilwanyana ahluke kakhulu, ngakumbi iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ezi ntaka zaziphumelele kakhulu ngenxa yemeko-bume entle yezendalo kwaye ezinye zeentlobo zazizizilwanyana ezinoburhalarhume kunye namaqela amabini ezinto eziphilayo. Kwakukho amaqela eentaka ezazibonakaliswe ngobukhulu obukhulu obuqinisekisiweyo ngenxa yobukho beerekhodi zeefosili.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Eocene Epoch.