Ithiyori yokuhamba kwelizwekazi

Kwixesha elidlulileyo, amazwekazi bekucingelwa ukuba ahlala esisigxina kwizigidi zeminyaka. Akukho nto yayisaziwa ukuba uqweqwe loMhlaba lwenziwe ngamacwecwe ahambisa umbulelo kumjelo wokuhambisa wengubo. Nangona kunjalo, isazinzulu u-Alfred Wegener wacebisa ithiyori yokukhukuliseka kwilizwekazi. Le ithiyori yathi amazwekazi aye ahamba kwizigidi zeminyaka kwaye nangoku besenza njalo.

Ukusuka kwinto enokulindelwa, le ithiyori yayilutshintsho kwihlabathi lenzululwazi kunye nokwakheka komhlaba. Ngaba uyafuna ukufunda yonke into malunga nokukhula kwelizwekazi kunye nokufumanisa iimfihlo zayo?

Ithiyori yokuhamba kwelizwekazi

Le ngcamango ibhekisa intshukumo yangoku yeepleyiti ezigcina amazwekazi kwaye zihamba ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Kuyo yonke imbali yejoloji yoMhlaba, amazwekazi ebengasoloko ekwindawo enye. Kukho uthotho lobungqina esiza kubona kamva olwamnceda u-Wegener ukuphikisa ithiyori yakhe.

Intshukumo ibangelwa kukwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha ezivela kwingubo. Ezi zinto zenziwe kuqweqwe lolwandle. Ngale ndlela, izinto ezintsha zinamandla okudala kwaye zibangela ukuba amazwekazi atshintshe.

Ukuba ujonga kakuhle ukumila kwawo onke amazwekazi, kubonakala ngathi iMelika neAfrika zimanyene. Le yayiyingqwalaselo yesithandi sobulumko UFrancis Bacon ngonyaka we-1620. Nangona kunjalo, akazange acebise nayiphi na ithiyori yokuba la mazwekazi ayehleli kunye ngaphambili.

Oku kwakhankanywa nguAntonio Snider, waseMelika owayehlala eParis. Ngo-1858 waphakamisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba amazwekazi anokuhamba.

Kwakungowe-1915 xa isazi ngemozulu waseJamani uAlfred Wegener wapapasha incwadi yakhe ebizwa "Imvelaphi yamazwekazi neelwandlekazi". Kuyo watyhila yonke ithiyori yokukhukuliseka kwilizwekazi. Ke, u-Wegener uthathwa njengombhali wethiyori.

Kwincwadi wachaza indlela iplanethi yethu eyayibambe ngayo uhlobo lwe-supercontinent. Oko kukuthi, onke amazwekazi esinawo namhlanje ayekhe aba kunye. Wabiza loo nto ngokuba yindawo ephezulu Pangea. Ngenxa yamandla angaphakathi oMhlaba, uPangea wayeza kwaphuka kwaye ahambe isiqwenga somzimba. Emva kokudlula kwezigidi zeminyaka, amazwekazi aya kuhlala kwisikhundla sabo namhlanje.

Ubungqina kunye nobungqina

Ngokwalo mbono, kwixa elizayo, kwizigidi zeminyaka ukusukela ngoku, amazwekazi aya kudibana kwakhona. Yintoni eyenze ukuba kubaluleke ukubonisa lethiyori ngobungqina kunye nobungqina.

Uvavanyo lwePaleomagnetic

Ubungqina bokuqala obabenza bamkholelwa yinkcazo ye-paleo magnetism. Imagnethi yomhlaba yomhlaba bekungasoloko kuluqhelaniso olufanayo. Rhoqo, umhlaba wamagnetic ubuyile umva. Yintoni ngoku isibonda semagneti sasikumantla ngaphambili, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba uninzi lwamatye aphezulu omxholo wesinyithi afumana ulungelelwaniso ngokubhekisele kwipali yemagneti yangoku. Kufunyenwe amatye Magnetic athe ipali yasemantla yalatha kwipali esemzantsi. Ke, kumaxesha amandulo, kufanele ukuba yayiyenye indlela.

Le paleomagnetism ayinakulinganiswa de kube li-1950s. Okwangoku, uhlalutyo lwale milinganiselo lukwazile ukumisela ukuba aphi na amazwekazi. Ungakuxelela oku ngokujonga ubume bexesha kunye nobudala bamatye. Ngale ndlela, kunokuboniswa ukuba onke amazwekazi ayekhe amanyene.

Uvavanyo lwebhayoloji

Olunye lovavanyo oludide ngaphezulu kwesinye yayilezo zebhayoloji. Zombini iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo zifumaneka kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo. Akunakucingwa ukuba iintlobo ezingafuduki zingahamba ukusuka kwelinye ilizwekazi ukuya kwelinye. Oko kuphakamisa ukuba ngaxesha lithile babekwilizwekazi elinye. Iindidi zazisasazeka kukuhamba kwexesha, njengoko amazwekazi ayehamba.

Kwakhona, kwintshona yeAfrika nakwimpuma yoMzantsi Merika ukwakheka kwamatye ohlobo olufanayo kunye nobudala bufumaneka.

Olunye ufunyaniso oluye lwakhokelela kuvavanyo yayikukufunyanwa kweefosili zelinen elinye lamagqabi eMzantsi Melika, eMzantsi Afrika, eAntarctica, eIndiya naseOstreliya. Iintlobo ezifanayo zefern zivela njani kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo? Kwagqitywa kwelokuba bahlala kunye ePangea. Izidalwa ezirhubuluzayo zaseLystrosaurus zafunyanwa eMzantsi Afrika, eIndiya, naseAntarctica, naseMesosaurus iifosili zaseBrazil naseMzantsi Afrika.

Zombini iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zezendawo ezifanayo eziye zakhula ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa umgama phakathi kwamazwekazi wawumkhulu kakhulu, uhlobo ngalunye lulungelelaniswa neemeko ezintsha.

Uvavanyo lwejoloji

Sele kukhankanyiwe ukuba imiphetho ye iishelufa zelizwekazi laseAfrika kunye neMelika zilingana ngokugqibeleleyo. Kwaye babekanye. Ukongeza, abanazo ngokufanayo kuphela iphazili, kodwa kunye nokuqhubeka kweentaba zelizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika kunye neAfrika. Namhlanje i-Atlantic Ocean inoxanduva lokwahlula ezi ntaba.

Uvavanyo lwePaleoclimatic

Imozulu ikwazile ukunceda ukutolikwa kwale ithiyori. Ubungqina bepateni efanayo yokufunyanwa kwafunyanwa kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo. Okwangoku, ilizwekazi ngalinye linemvula, umoya, ubushushu, njl. Nangona kunjalo, xa onke amazwekazi enza elinye, kwabakho imeko-bume emanyeneyo.

Ngaphaya koko, kwaidipozithi ezifanayo ze-moraine zifunyenwe eMzantsi Afrika, eMzantsi Melika, eIndiya nase-Australia.

Amanqanaba okuhamba kwelizwekazi

Ukuqhubela phambili kwilizwekazi bekusenzeka kuyo yonke imbali yeplanethi. Ngokokuma kwamazwekazi emhlabeni, ubomi benziwe ngandlela thile. Oku kuye kwathetha ukuba ukukhukhumala kwelizwekazi kunamanqanaba aphawuleka ngakumbi aphawula ukuqala kokusekwa kwamazwekazi kwaye, ngawo, iindlela ezintsha zobomi. Siyakhumbula ukuba izidalwa eziphilayo kufuneka zivumelane nokusingqongileyo kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, indaleko iphawulwe ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo.

Siza kuhlalutya ukuba ngawaphi amanqanaba aphambili okuhamba kwelizwekazi:

• Malunga ne-1100 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: Ukusekwa kwe-supercontinent yokuqala kwenzeka kwiplanethi ebizwa ngokuba yiRodinia. Ngokuchasene nenkolelo edumileyo, uPangea wayengenguye owokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, ukubakho kwamanye amazwekazi angaphambili akukhutshelwa ngaphandle, nangona bungekho ubungqina obaneleyo.
• Malunga ne-600 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: URodinia uthathe malunga nezigidi ezili-150 zeminyaka eqhekeza kwaye i-supercontinent yesibini ebizwa ngokuba yiPannotia yavela. Yayinexesha elifutshane, ineminyaka nje ezizigidi ezingama-60.
• Malunga neminyaka engama-540 yezigidi eyadlulayo, IPannotia yahlukana yaya kwiGondwana naseProto-Laurasia.
• Malunga ne-500 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: IProto-Laurasia yahlulwa yangamazwekazi amathathu amatsha abizwa ngokuba yiLaurentia, iSiberia kunye neBaltic. Ngale ndlela, eli candelo lavelisa iilwandle ezimbini ezintsha ezaziwa njengeIapetus kunye neKhanty.
• Malunga ne-485 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: I-Avalonia yohlukaniswe neGondwana (umhlaba ongqinelana ne-United States, Nova Scotia, ne-Ngilani.
• Malunga ne-300 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: Kwakukho kuphela amazwekazi amabini amakhulu. Kwelinye icala, sinePangea. yayikhona malunga neminyaka engama-2 yezigidi eyadlulayo. I-Pangea yayikho ubukho be-supercontinent enye apho zonke izinto eziphilayo zisasazeka. Ukuba sijonga kwinqanaba lejoloji, siyabona ukuba le ndawo ibalaseleyo ibikho ngexesha lePermian. Kwelinye icala, sineSiberia. Omabini la mazwekazi ajikelezwe luLwandlekazi iPanthalassa, ekuphela kolwandle olukhoyo.
• Laurasia kunye noGondwanaNgenxa yokuqhekeka kwePangea, kwasungulwa iLaurasia neGondwana. I-Antarctica nayo yaqala ukubakho ngalo lonke ixesha le-Triassic. Kwenzeka kwiminyaka engama-200 yezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye kwaqala ukwahluka kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ulwabiwo lwangoku lwezinto eziphilayo

Nangona kwakukhe kwahlulwa amazwekazi udidi ngalunye lwafumana isebe elitsha kwindaleko, kukho iintlobo ezineempawu ezifanayo kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo. Olu hlalutyo luthwala ukufana kofuzo kwiintlobo ezivela kwamanye amazwekazi. Umahluko phakathi kwabo kukuba baye bavela ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokuzifumana bekwisimo esitsha. Umzekelo woku inkumba yegadi efumaneka kuMntla Melika nase-Eurasia.

Ngabo bonke obu bungqina, u-Wegener wazama ukukhusela ithiyori yakhe. Zonke ezi mpikiswano bezikholisile kuluntu lwenzululwazi. Waye wafumanisa inyani enkulu eya kuthi ivumele impumelelo kwisayensi.