Ngexesha le-Paleozoic kukho amaxesha ama-6 apho ixesha le-geological lahlulwe. Ngexesha le Ixesha lePermian, phakathi kwe icarboniferous kunye Triassic ubomi butyhileka notshintsho olukhulu. Inkqubo ye- Izilwanyana zePermian yayinomntu ophambili kuyo umzobo wokuqala wezilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nokwahluka nokwandiswa kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo esele zikhona. Ixesha lamaPermi lahlala malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-48 kwaye laqwalaselwa njengexesha lotshintsho kwiplanethi zombini kwinqanaba lejoloji nakwimozulu.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neempawu kunye nokuvela kwezilwanyana zePermian.
Ixesha lePermian
Zininzi iingcali eziphanda eli xesha ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuba kunokubakho ulwazi oluninzi oluxabisekileyo. Ngokukodwa ekupheleni kwePermian inomdla wesayensi ukususela oko kwaziswa sesona siganeko sibuhlungu kakhulu nesitshabalalisayo sokucima ubunzima kuwo wonke umhlaba. Le nkqubo yokuphela kobunzima yayibaluleke ngaphezu kokuphela kweedinosaurs kwi intle.
Ixesha lokuphela laziwa ngokuba "kukufa okukhulu" kwaye kuyo Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yazo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo zanyamalala. Ziindidi ezithile kuphela ezasindayo ezaye zanikezela kwezinye izilwanyana ezidumileyo kwimbali yomhlaba ezinje ngeedinosaurs. Ixesha elipheleleyo lePermian liqikelelwa kwiminyaka engama-48 yezigidi, ukuqala kwi-299 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo kunye nokuphela kweminyaka eyi-251 yezigidi eyadlulayo.
Ngeli xesha imozulu yayihluka kakhulu. Zombini ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kweli xesha, amaqhekeza anamava kwaye imozulu ibikwinqanaba eliphakathi lifudumele kwaye lifumile.
Ukufa okuMkhulu kwizilwanyana zePermi
Ngeli xesha ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziye zafumana ulwahlulo olukhulu. Kule meko, sifumanisa uguquko olukhulu kwizirhubuluzi ezazigqalwa njengezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Kwaye kukuba kwezinye iingxelo zeefosili ookhokho bezilwanyana ezanyisayo ngoku banokufunyanwa. Oko kukuthi, izilwanyana ezanyisayo zangoku zivela kwizirhubuluzi.
Ngokubhekisele kwi-Great Dying yenye yezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zokupheliswa kobunzima kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kwenzeke kulo lonke eli xesha sele sele liphela phantse ekuqaleni kwexesha leTriassic. Yeyona nkqubo intshabalalo yokuphelisa iplanethi yonke eyakha yadlula. Kwaye ke kukuba iipesenti ezingama-90 zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni zaphela. Akwaziwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba zazingonobangela bokuphela kobuninzi, kodwa kukho ezinye ithiyori ezizama ukubonisa ukuba kwenzeke ntoni.
Phakathi kweethiyori ezichaphazeleke kakhulu yile Umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo owenze ukuba kugxothwe izixa ezikhulu zecarbon dioxide emoyeni. Njengoko sisazi, le carbon dioxide yirhasi yegreenhouse ekwaziyo ukugcina ubushushu. Isixa esikhulu sekhabhon dayoksayidi ekhutshwe kwiatmosfera ibangele ukonyuka komndilili weqondo lobushushu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Yile ndlela ibangele ngayo ukungazinzi komoya kumgangatho wehlabathi kwaye uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo azinakho ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo.
Esinye isindululo sisizathu sokukhutshwa kweehydrocarbon kumgangatho wolwandle kunye nefuthe leemeteorite. Nokuba siyintoni na isizathu, sisiganeko esiyintlekele esichaphazele kakhulu zonke iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezazikho ngelo xesha.
Izilwanyana zePermian
Ngeli xesha, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezazivela kumaxesha adlulileyo zagcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, iqela elibalulekileyo lezilwanyana ezintsha ezinje Ngaba zizirhubuluzi ezanyisayo. Ezi zilwanyana zithathwa njengezinyanya zezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ubomi obahlukeneyo bafunyanwa kwiilwandle.
Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo
Phakathi kwama-invertebrates aphuma kwizilwanyana zasePermian, amanye amaqela olwandle afana ne-echinoderms kunye ne-mollusks akhankanywe. Ndiyabulela kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi, kuye kwakho ukubakho ukufumana iirekhodi zeefosili zee-bivalves kunye ne-gastropods, kunye nezinye i-brachiopods. Ngaphakathi kweli qela kunye nakwinkqubo yezaselwandle, amalungu omda we-poriferous apho kufumaneka khona iziponji. Ezi zilwanyana zezona zavela kuninzi lwezithintelo zamatye.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uninzi lwezi zilwanyana luye lwanyamalala, ingxelo yefosili ifunyenwe apho ngaphezulu kwe-4 lamawaka eentlobo ezahlulwayo. Umsebenzi wayo owahlukileyo yayikukuba ezi zilwanyana zazikhuselwe ngesigqubuthelo sezinto ezinomdla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-arthropods, ngakumbi inambuzane, yayinophuhliso oluhle njengakumaxesha angaphambili. Ngeli xesha kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubungakanani bezinambuzane babaluleke ngakumbi kunanamhlanje. Kweli qela lezilwanyana, kukho iiodolo ezintsha, ezinje ngeDiptera kunye neColeoptera.
Izidalwa eziphilayo
Ukuqhubela phambili ekufundeni izilwanyana ezinomqolo, siyabona ukuba nabo baye bafumana ukwanda okukhulu kunye nokwahluka, kokubini kwiindawo ezisemhlabeni nezasemanzini. Iintlanzi zezona zilwanyana zimeleyo ngeli xesha. Apha sifumana i-chondrichthyans enje ngookrebe kunye nentlanzi emathambo. Enye yookrebe eyathi yaphela ngexesha leCretaceous yayisele iphila ngeli xesha. Ookrebe ngelo xesha babefana kakhulu kookrebe banamhlanje, nangona babengenkulu. Banokufikelela kuphela kwiimitha ezi-2 ubude.
Sikwabona neOrthacanthus. Luhlobo lweentlanzi olusekhoyo namhlanje. Yeyamaqela ookrebe kwaye inkangeleko yayo yahluke kakhulu. Umzimba ubufana nalowo we-eel kwaye uneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamazinyo. Sikwanazo izilwanyana zasemanzini. Ezi zilwanyana ziye zaphuhliswa. Babeliqela elahlukileyo ngokwentelekiso kwaye babekwazi ukusuka kwiisentimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimitha ezili-10.
Okokugqibela, siyayibona loo nto Izirhubuluzi zezilwanyana ezazizisa eyona yantlukwano. Phakathi kwezi zirhubuluzayo sifumana i-therapsids eyayiliqela lezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezijongwa njengookhokho bezilwanyana ezanyisayo zanamhlanje. Phakathi kweempawu zabo ezahlukileyo, safumanisa ukuba babonisa iintlobo zamazinyo kwaye nganye nganye yahlengahlengiswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, babenemilenze okanye imilenze emi-4 kwaye ukutya kwabo kwahluka. Kwakukho iintlobo zezilwanyana ezidliwayo kunye nezidlayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nezilwanyana zePermi