I-Paleozoic yahlulahlulwe yangamaxesha aliqela agubungela izigidi zeminyaka. Elinye lala maxesha li icarboniferous. Lulwahlulo lwamaxesha e-geological oluqala malunga ne-359 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yaphela engama-299 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, inika ithuba IPermian.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ijiology, imozulu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zeCarboniferous.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngalo lonke eli xesha uMntla Melika Yahlulwe yaya ePennsylvania naseMississippi. Kuyo yonke iYurophu kukho izahlulo ezininzi ezinjengeNtshona yeYurophu kwelinye icala kunye neRussia kwelinye. Zombini ezo zahlulo kunzima ukuzilungelelanisa phakathi kwazo kunye nezaseMelika. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zeli xesha kukuba kukho iindawo ezinkulu zehlathi ezingcwatywe ngokulandelelana ngenxa yokuncipha kobushushu behlabathi. Ezi ndidi zinkulu zinemithi yokubola ngento ephilayo ebangele ukuba kubekho umaleko omkhulu wekhabhoni. Ke ngoko, eli xesha libizwa ngokuba yiCarboniferous.
Ngalo lonke eli xesha, inani elikhulu leentlobo zeentlanzi zamandulo nazo ziye zacinywa kwaye iintlobo zeentlala kunye namathambo ziye zanda. Ama-Amphibians aqala ukuhlasela ilizwe kunye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo zaqala ukukhula. Ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana zinencopho yazo ngexesha leJurassic. ICarboniferous yahlulwe yaphezulu kunye nasezantsi yeCarboniferous. Ngexesha le-Upper Carboniferous, izinambuzane zazininzi, ezinye zazo zazinkulu, njengoonombombiya. Oonombombiya beli xesha babephantse baba ziimitha ezimbini ubukhulu ngamaphiko olulekileyo, kwaye imithi yayinde kangangokuba uninzi lwayo lwalujikeleze iimitha ezingama-60 ubude.
Yonke le meko iveliswa ngenxa yomoya ophethe ioksijini ephezulu. Ngokwengqikelelo kunye nophando malunga nesixa seoksijini sinokulingana nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba Ipesenti engama-35% yafikelelwa, ibe ngama-21% namhlanje. ICarboniferous elinqanaba elisebenzayo kwimbali yeplanethi yethu ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga indawo. Siza kuhlalutya ngononophelo kwicandelo elilandelayo.
Ijografi yeCarboniferous
Ngeli xesha kubekho utshintsho olukhulu kwinqanaba lejoloji, njengemvelaphi ye-Hercynian orogeny. Le orogeny yiyo ebangela ukuyilwa kwendawo enkulu ebizwa ngokuba yiPangea. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba i-glaciation iphelile apho i-glaciers isasazeka kulo lonke elasezantsi nasezantsi kwePangea.
Ekuqaleni kweli xesha ukwehla kwinqanaba lolwandle elenzeka ekupheleni kweDevoniya kwabuyiselwa umva. Ngexesha lezigidi zeminyaka inqanaba lolwandle lalinyuka kancinci kancinci kwaye lidala ulwandle lwe-epicontinental ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho ukwehla ngokubanzi kumaqondo obushushu apholileyo emazantsi. Wayecinga ukuba emazantsi eGondwana yayisisiqwengana somkhenkce ngokupheleleyo ngalo lonke ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi meko zokusingqongileyo azibanga nefuthe kakhulu kwiitropiki. Kwezi ngingqi zeplanethi, amahlathi achumileyo aqala ukwanda kwimigxobhozo kwaye kancinci kancinci aphakama i-degrees ezimbalwa emantla kude ne-glaciers ye-pole pole.
Ukuqhubeka ne-geology siyabona ukuba indawo enkulu ye-Yurophu kunye ne-Mntla Melika yayise-Equator. Oku kunokwaziwa ngokubulela kwiidiphozithi zamandulo zelitye lekalika elingqingqwa. Inzululwazi ephethe uphando lwamatye kunye nombutho wabo wexeshana ngu stratigraphy. Amatye eCarboniferous eYurophu nakuMntla Melika ayenjalo ukulandelelana okuqhubekayo kwamatye e-limestone, ii-animists, iisheles kunye needipozithi zamalahle. Olu luhlu lokulandelelana lwalusaziwa njengeecyclothems.
Imozulu yeCarboniferous
Ukwandisa ulwazi ngeli xesha, lonke ixesha lihlelwa njenge-carboniferous esezantsi kunye ne-carboniferous ephezulu. Ngexesha leCarboniferous esezantsi efikelela kumda wayo kwabakho ukuhla kumgangatho wolwandle ngenxa yokwanda komkhenkce waseGondwana. Oku kubangele ukubuyela umva okubalulekileyo kunye nokupholisa imozulu kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Xa umkhenkce usasazeka, ezahlukeneyo ulwandlekazi olubanzi lweepicontinental kunye namachibi amakhulu ekhabhoni eMississippi.
Kwelinye icala, oku kwehla kwamaqondo obushushu kwandisiwe kumazantsi epali kwaye kwavelisa ukwakheka komkhenkce kumazantsi eGondwana. Uphando alucaci gca malunga nokuba ii-ice sheet zaqala ukwenziwa ngexesha le-Devonia okanye hayi. Kwakukho nokupheliswa okukhulu kubo bonke ubomi baselwandle ngenxa yolu hlengahlengiso lwenqanaba lolwandle oluchaphazele ii-crinoids kunye nee-ammonoids, ezaphulukana phakathi kwe-40% kunye ne-80% yayo yonke iminyaka, ngokulandelelana.
Ngoku siqhubela phezulu eCarboniferous. Ngexesha eliphezulu leCarboniferous Gondwana oqhakamshelana nelizwekazi lamatye abomvu amandulo ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-Euramérica. Oku kubangela izigaba eziphambili zokuyilwa kwe-Hercinic orogeny.ukuya. Ezona gradients zobushushu be latitudinal zibaluleke kakhulu zonyuswe ngexesha leCarboniferous ephezulu. Ukuba i-Iberia, eyayikufuphi kwesinye isibonda, nayo yayineentyatyambo ezahlukileyo ezihambelana neemeko ezibandayo.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, iintlanzi zaqala ukusasazeka nangona zabuya umva ngenxa yokwehla kwenqanaba lolwandle. Izirhubuluzi zaqala ukuthambisa umhlaba. Ubukho bamakhonkco amaninzi aphawulwe kakuhle ekukhuleni kwefossil yaseGondwana naseSiberia bachaza ukuba imeko ibanda kakhulu. EYurophu nakuMntla Melika ezi zangqa zokukhula zazilahlekile. Imozulu yetropiki yaphela ngexesha lokutshintsha okuphezulu kweCarboniferous.
Ngaphantsi kwezi meko ii-lycopodiofitos kunye ne-sphenophytes ziye zancipha ngokwaneleyo inani labantu. Kwelinye icala, iifeni ezazineembewu zezo zifumene indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwaye zasasazeka ngokubanzi. Oku kubonakala ngathi kubonisa ukuba kwafuneka bazivumelanise neemeko zemozulu ezomileyo. Amalahle aqhubekile ukwenzeka kodwa ii-lycopodiophytes zazingasenawo amagalelo aphambili.
Ngeli xesha zazikho iilwandlekazi ezimbini ezinkulu ezazilawula umhlaba: i-Panthalassa kunye nePaleo Tethys.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nexesha leCarboniferous, iimpawu zalo, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana.