Sibuyela kwixesha lePaleozoic kwixesha lokugqibela. Imalunga nayo IPermian. IPermian lixesha eliqwalaselwa njengesahlulo seli nqanaba Ixesha lejoloji. Kwakuyixesha eliqale malunga neminyaka engama-299 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo kwaye laphela kwiminyaka eyi-251 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Njengoninzi lwamaxesha okwenzeka kulo mhlaba, umtya zezi zichaza ukuqala nokuphela kwexesha elichongwe kakuhle.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye neziganeko zejoloji ezenzeka ngexesha lePermian.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Oku kwazi ukuba ukuqala nokuphela kwexesha lejoloji akuphawulwanga ngokuthe ngqo. Enkosi kumtya, banokwaziwa malunga nokuba badala kangakanani. Ukuphela kwexesha lePermian kuphawulwe ngokupheliswa okukhulu okwenzekileyo ngokuchanekileyo ngalo mhla. IPermian yandulelwa ngamanye amaxesha afana neCarboniferous kwaye ilandelwa ngamanye amaxesha afana neTriassic.
Igama lePermi kungenxa yediphozithi ezinkulu nezabanzi ezifumaneka kwingingqi ejikeleze isixeko sasePerm eRashiya. Amachibi afunyenwe ubukhulu becala yimigca ebomvu eneentlenge zelizwekazi kunye nokuvezwa elwandle okungekho nzulu kakhulu.
Ngalo lonke elixesha bekukho utshintsho olukhulu kwimozulu kwihlabathi lonke ngokubaluleka okukhulu. Umkhwa oqhelekileyo wawususela kwimozulu eshushu yetropiki ukuya kwindawo ezomileyo nezomileyo ngakumbi. Ke, kunokuthiwa imeko yamaqondo obushushu ngeli xesha iyanda. Ngexesha lePermian bekukho ukucuthana kwemigxobhozo kunye nayo yonke imizimba yamanzi.
Uninzi lweeferns zemithi kunye neamphibiya ezifuna iimeko ezingaphezulu zokufuma zifumene ukuhlehla. Kwaye kukuba ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo azithandeki, ixesha lokuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusingqongileyo elitsha linzima kakhulu. Iifeni ezinembewu, izirhubuluzi kunye nezirhubuluzi ezanyisayo zezabo bazuze umhlaba njengoMhlaba.
IGeology yePermian
Imikhenkce yomkhenkce eyayisele ikho ngexesha leCarboniferous yayisele ikho kummandla osemazantsi we-Gondwana. Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi la maqhekeza omkhenkce ancipha ecaleni kwePermian. Ngeli xesha i-Hercynian orogeny yakwazi ukukhula enkosi kwinqanaba eliphezulu lomsebenzi weenyikima. Njengokuba amacwecwe etektoni ayehamba ngendlela ebukhali, le orogeny inokwenziwa, ekhokelele ekusekweni kwelizwekazi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuba yiPangea.
Xa eli xesha laqala, iplanethi yethu yayisabandezeleka ziziphumo zokugqibela zomkhenkce. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke imimandla ye-Polar yagutyungelwa ngumaleko omkhulu womkhenkce. Inqanaba lolwandle ngexesha lePermian laliphantsi ngokubanzi. Umanyano phakathi kweSiberia neMpuma Yurophu lwalukho kuyo yonke indawo Iintaba zeUral yintoni evelisileyo umanyano phantse olupheleleyo lwelizwekazi liphela elibizwa ngokuba yiPangea.
Emazantsi mpuma eAsia sifumana kuphela ubunzima bomhlaba obukhulu obwahlulwe kwabanye kwaye buya kuhlala bunjalo ebudeni bexesha Mesozoic. IPangea ibibekwe kwi-Equator kwaye yandiswa yaya kwiipali ezinesiphumo esihambelanayo okanye kumaza olwandle. Ngeli xesha ngexesha lejoloji kwakukho ulwandle olukhulu olubizwa ngokuba yiPanthalassa. Olu lwandle lubonwa "njengolwandle jikelele." Kwakukho nolwandle lwePaleo Tethys, oluphakathi kweAsia neGondwana. Izwekazi laseCimmeria lenziwa ngokususwa phakathi kweGondwna kunye nokuqhubela emantla. Oku kukhokelele ekuvalweni ngokupheleleyo kolwandle lwePaleo Tethys. Yile ndlela ulwandle olutsha olukhula ngayo ekupheleni kwelanga elibizwa ngokuba yiTethys Ocean eya kulawula iMesozoic.
Imozulu yePermian
Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, bekukho iindawo ezibanzi zelizwekazi ezadala imozulu ezinomahluko okhoyo phakathi kobushushu nengqele. Iindawo ezibonakala ngaphandle kwimozulu yazo ebandayo yile nto siyibiza ngokuba yimozulu yelizwekazi namhlanje. Kwezi zimo zezulu bekukho iimeko zemozulu yemvula enamaxesha onyaka.
Kwelinye icala, kwiindawo ezinemozulu ebalaseleyo ukuba namaqondo aphezulu obushushu sifumana iintlango ezisasazeke ngokubanzi. Iimeko ezomileyo zithanda ukwandiswa kunye nobubanzi kulwabiwo lweejimnosperms. Ezi zizityalo ezineembewu ezivalelwe kwisigqubuthelo esikhuselayo esinomda omkhulu wokuphila kwiimeko ezomileyo. Izityalo ezinjengeTehran i-ferns kufuneka zisasaze i-spores zazo kwaye zibe nohlengahlengiso oluphezulu.
Imithi enokuthi yandiswe ngexesha lemozulu yePermi zaziyiconifers, ginkgoes kunye neecycads. Umgangatho wolwandle ngokubanzi uhlala uphantsi. Oku kubangele ukuba i-ecosystems ekufutshane nonxweme yancitshiswa ngumanyano phantse kuwo onke amazwekazi amakhulu kwilizwekazi elinye eliphambili.
Esi sizathu sinokubangela ukuba inxenye yokuphela okubanzi kweentlobo zaselwandle ekupheleni kweli xesha. Unobangela ophambili kukwehliswa okuqatha kwemimandla eselunxwemeni enomgangatho ophantsi womgangatho obukhethwe ngakumbi zizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle ukuhlala nokufumana ukutya.
Ngenxa yokwenziwa kweentaba ezibalulekileyo ezinje le leHercynian lanegalelo ekuthandeni umahluko wemozulu kuwo wonke umhlaba. Zininzi izithintelo zalapha ekhaya ezaye zenziwa ezenza ukuba iintaba ezisandula ukusekwa zikhuthaze ngakumbi ukukhethwa kwemozulu ezizodwa. Ngokubhekisele kwimimandla yePolar, yayiseyindawo ebanda kakhulu kwaye imimandla yeikhweyitha ifudumele kakhulu.
izilwanyana
Izilwanyana zaselwandle zazifana ngexesha le-Devonia kunye neCarboniferous ngaphandle kwamaqela aliqela ezinto ezife zaphela. Kwakukho indaleko ephezulu kakhulu yezinambuzane zangoku ezijongeka. Iidipozithi zaselwandle ezifunyenwe kwizilwanyana zasePermi zityebile kwiifosili zebrachiopods, echinoderms kunye neemollusks.
Iphytoplankton yayiquka i-acritarcos kwaye yaqhubeka nangona ingenakufunyanwa ngaphambi kokupheliswa okukhulu kokuphela kweDevónico. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo yayiyi-ammonoids kunye nabameli abakhulu be-nautiloids. Amaqela okuqala eentlanzi awayesele enyamalele njengee-placoderms kunye nee-ostracoderms nazo zavela.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nePermian.