El Miocene Yayenye yeeras ezimbini ezenza i Ixesha likaNeogene ngaphakathi kwe Ixesha leCenozoic. Eli lixesha apho utshintsho olukhulu lwenzekileyo kwinqanaba lemozulu, lebhayoloji kunye ne-orogenic. Imozulu ineenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo kumaqondo obushushu kwaye oku kubangele ukukhula ngempumelelo kweentlobo ezithile zezilwanyana nezityalo ezinokwahluka kwaye zisasaze kwimimandla ebanzi. Inkqubo ye- Izilwanyana zaseMiocene yayibonakaliswa ngokuba nezilwanyana ezaziphila kwindalo enye kunye nezinye ezinokukhula ngokubanzi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, indaleko kunye nezilwanyana zezilwanyana zaseMiocene.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngalo lonke eli xesha bekukho iinguqu ezithile kumaqondo obushushu ehlabathi. Ekuqaleni kweMiocene, safumana amaqondo obushushu asezantsi anyuka kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Malunga nesiqingatha sexesha lonyaka, kuye kwafikelelwa kumaqondo obushushu afanelekileyo kwinani elikhulu lezityalo nezilwanyana ukuze zikhule ngempumelelo.
Ityala lezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka kunye nezirhubuluzi kunye nezinto eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni zezona zinokwahlula uninzi lweli xesha. Kuyaziwa ngenxa yerekhodi ebalulekileyo yefosili ukuba kukho iisampulu ezihlala kwiplanethi yethu ngelo xesha.
IMiocene yayilixesha eliye lahlala phantse malunga nezigidi ezisi-8 zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yaqala malunga neminyaka engama-23 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha lomsebenzi we-orogenic wawunamandla kakhulu, ubangela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaba zikhule. Kwezinye iindawo ezithile kwiplanethi le nto ukukhula kwe-orogenic kube neziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Enye yazo yayiyingxaki yetyuwa.
Enkosi kolu tshintsho lwe-orogenic kunye namaqondo obushushu afudumeleyo kuwo wonke umhlaba Uninzi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezinto eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zinokwahluka. Kukho iingxelo zeefosili zokuba kukho amanani amakhulu kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ngeli xesha. Zonke iifosili zinobungakanani obahlukeneyo kunye nokutya kwangaphambili. Kuyaziwa ukuba izilwanyana zaziliqela lezilwanyana ezafumana uphuhliso olukhulu kunye nokwahlukahlukana.
Flora
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuhlalutya izilwanyana zaseMiocene, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo iintyatyambo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uninzi lwezilwanyana ezazikho eMiocene zazizizilwanyana ezitya uhlaza. Inxalenye enkulu yezi zilwanyana kunye nezityalo zigcinekile namhlanje, zenza icandelo elibalulekileyo lokwahlukahlukana okukhulu kwendalo.
Ngexesha leMiocene kwaqwalaselwa ukwehla okubonakalayo kubungakanani bamahlathi namahlathi. Oku kungenxa yokuncipha kwamaqondo obushushu athi enzeka ekuqaleni kwexesha. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba kuncitshiswe iindawo eziluhlaza kungenxa yokuncipha kwemvula kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yoko, iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo kuye kwafuneka zivumelane nezi meko zemvula ziphantsi.
Ngenxa yoku, izityalo ezinamagqabi kunye nezo zincinci ngobukhulu zezi zaqala ukongamela iplanethi. Ezi zizityalo ezinamandla amakhulu okumelana nexesha elide lembalela kunye neqabaka. Ngeli xesha ii-angiosperms zachuma. Zizo ezo zityalo ezineembewu ezigqunyiweyo.
I-Herbaceous yilezo zityalo ezingenazo iziqu. Zizikhondo eziguqukayo ngombala oluhlaza kunye namagqabi aluhlaza. Zifumaneka zingamaqela kwaye ziyamelana nembalela kunye namaqondo obushushu asezantsi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sifumana i-chaparral. I-chaparral luhlobo lwe-biome apho luqala khona uhlobo oluthile lwezityalo olubizwa ngokuba zii-chaparros. Le mithi mifutshane zizihlahla ezincinane ezinomthi ezikwaziyo ukuphila kwiimeko ezigqithileyo zokusingqongileyo. ICacti kunye namatyholo nawo aphuhliswe ngomlinganiso omkhulu.
Izilwanyana zaseMiocene
Ngeli xesha, ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba iqela lezilwanyana zezilwanyana zaseMiocene eziphuhlise uninzi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Zombini izilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinje ngeqela leempuku zikwazile ukuguquka, ziye kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinkulu ezinjengezilwandle. Iqela leentaka liye lafumana ukwanda okukhulu kuluhlu kunye nobuninzi. Konke oku kuyaziwa ngenxa yeefosili zeesampulu ezifumaneka kwihlabathi liphela.
Izilwanyana zomhlaba ezanyisayo ngexesha lezilwanyana zaseMiocene zezi zilandelayo:
- IGomphotherium (iphela): sisilwanyana esanyisayo esikhulu esasinendawo yokuhlala kwimimandla yase-Eurasia. Ifike kwiimitha ezi-3 ngokobukhulu kwaye enye yeempawu zayo eziphambili kukuba babeneebini ezimbini zeempondo ezinde nezinganyangekiyo.
- Amphicyon: lolunye uhlobo ebeluphelile namhlanje. Inkangeleko yakhe yayiyeyesilwanyana phakathi kwenja nebhere. Ngomzimba odibeneyo, wawunamalungu angama-4 kunye nomsila omde. Banokufikelela kwimitha ukuphakama kunye neemitha ezimbini ubude kunye nobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-200 kilos.
- uMerychippo: namhlanje esi silwanyana siphelile. Yayisisilwanyana esincinci kwaye ibonakaliswa ngokuba neminwe emi-3 kwilungu ngalinye. Ingcali ekuhambeni kwimimandla eqokelelwe kwimihlambi ukuya kudla. Ngokwembonakalo yayifana namahashe anamhlanje namaqwarhashe.
- I-Astrapotherium: esinye isilwanyana esingasekhoyo namhlanje. Yayisesinye sezona zilwanyana zanyisayo zinkulu, ezinobunzima obufikelela kwitoni kunye nokulinganisa i-3 yeemitha ubude. Phakathi kweempawu zayo eziphambili yayingamazinyo ayo abonisa ukuba yayidla ngokutya. Banokuhamba kwindawo enamanzi kunye neyomileyo enkosi kumalungu amakhulu.
- I-Megapedetese: Olunye uhlobo lolulungelelwano lweempuku. Ubungakanani bayo babuncinci kakhulu nangona yayifikelela kwi-3 kilos. Umzimba wawufana nqwa nomvundla kwaye wawunamandla kwaye uphuhliswe imilenze yangasemva. Kwelinye icala, amalungu ayo angaphambili ayemfutshane.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, izilwanyana zasemanzini nazo zahluka kancinane ngeli xesha. Kwiqela leentaka bekukho iisampulu ezinkulu kunye nezinye eziphuhlise imeko yazo yokuphila kancinci. Ngokubhekisele kwizirhubuluzi nakwizinto eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezo zinto zidla izidalwa zigqithile.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nezilwanyana zaseMiocene.