Ixesha leCenozoic lahlulahlulwa langamathuba ahlukeneyo kwaye, kwelinye icala, laba ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngexesha lesibini leli xesha kwaye lixesha Neogene. Iqale malunga nezigidi ezingama-23 zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yaphela iminyaka eyi-2.6 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Lixesha apho iplanethi yenze uthotho lweenguqu notshintsho kwinqanaba lomhlaba nakwinqanaba lezinto eziphilayo. Esinye seziganeko ezibalulekileyo kweli xesha libalulekileyo kukuvela kweAustralopithecus, enye yeentlobo eziphambili ngaphambi kokudlula Homo sapiens.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neNeogene kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi-geology.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Inqanaba leNeogene yayilelo iplanethi yethu yafumana amava omsebenzi omhlaba omabini ngokunxulumene ne Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi njengasemanzini. Kwaye ke amazwekazi baqhubeke nokufudukela kwabo kwizikhundla abakuzo ngoku ngenxa yentshukumo yeetektoni zeplate ezibangelwe Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga yengubo yomhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe elizwekazi, imisebenzi yaselwandle nayo itshintshile. Imisinga yolwandle yahlengahlengiswa ukusukela ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezithintelo ezibonakalayo kunye notshintsho kulawulo lomoya lwavela ngenxa yotshintsho lwemozulu. Lo msitho ububaluleke kakhulu njengoko ubunesiphumo esikhawulezileyo kumaqondo obushushu oLwandlekazi lweAtlantic. Esinye sezithintelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni esithe savela ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe yayisisisiqithi sePanama.
Ngeli nqanaba, iyantlukwano yezinto eziphilayo nayo yaphuhla kakhulu. Amaqela ezilwanyana ezanyisayo lelona lawona afumana olona tshintsho. Kwelinye icala, iintaka, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nokusingqongileyo elwandle nako kube nempumelelo enkulu kwindaleko.
Neogene Geology
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, lixesha apho kukho imisebenzi ephezulu yejoloji ukusuka kwindawo ye-orogenic yokujonga nakwindawo yokuhamba kwezwekazi. Ukuqhekeka kwePangea kuyaqhubeka kwaye iziqwengana ezahlukileyo ezaqala ukubumba ukufuduka kumacala ahlukeneyo.
Ngalo lonke eli xesha lexesha, iindawo ezininzi zomhlaba zangqubana ne-Eurasia esemazantsi. Le mininzi yayiMntla Afrika kwaye yayihambelana neIndiya. I-Indiya ayinakuba yinxalenye yokuhamba kwayo kwilizwekazi kodwa yayicinezela ngokuchasene ne-Eurasia. Yile ndlela abantu abaninzi belizwekazi abenyuka ngayo kwaye benza i-orogeny esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge zeHimalaya.
Ukwenziwa kwesi siqithi sePanama kube neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo ngokwahluka okukhulu kwamaqondo obushushu eplanethi iphela. Ngokukodwa, yahlasela amaqondo obushushu oLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kunye neAtlantic, ibangela ukuba banciphe.
sezulu
Ngokwemozulu, ngalo lonke eli xesha iplanethi yethu ibonakaliswe ikakhulu kukuhla kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi. Ngokukodwa, imimandla ebime kumantla eikhweyitha yayinemozulu eshushu kancinane kunezo zazikwipali esemazantsi. Ngendlela efanayo, imozulu yahlengahlengiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye kunjalo nakwizinto eziphilayo. Olu tshintsho kwimixokomelwano yezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo lubangelwe kukuzivelela kwezinto zitshintshele kwimeko entsha yokusingqongileyo enikezelwa lihlabathi eliguqukayo.
Ngale ndlela, imimandla emikhulu yamahlathi ayiphumelelanga ukuguquguquka kwaye yaqhelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezintsha, ngenxa yoko zanyamalala, nto leyo ebangele ukuba kubekho iindawo eziphila kuzo apho iindawo ezinengca kunye neesavanna ezinenani elikhulu lezityalo ezitya utyani. Ngalo lonke eli xesha iipali zeplanethi zazigqunywe ngumkhenkce njengoko zisenza namhlanje. Izinto eziphilayo ezaziphambili apho zezo zazinezityalo ezazenziwe linani elikhulu lezityalo eziyimifuno kunye nemithi yazo emikhulu yayizii-conifers.
Iintyatyambo zeNeogene
Ngexesha leNeogene kukho ulwandiso lweefom zobomi ezazikho ukusukela ngePaleogene. Ubushushu bemozulu yasemhlabeni babunempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso nasekusekweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuvela kokuziqhelanisa nezi meko zinokudala iindlela ezintsha zobomi. Izilwanyana zezona zinamava okwahlukahlukana okukhulu, kuba iintyatyambo zihlala zimile ngenxa yokuhla kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi.
Iintyatyambo zazithintelwe yimozulu okoko ukukhula kwamahlathi okanye amahlathi anolwandiso olukhulu lwalunqunyelwe kwaye kwabangela ukuba iihektare ezinkulu zazo zinyamalale. Kuba amahlathi amakhulu namahlathi ayengafumaneki enamaqondo obushushu asezantsi kangako, Izityalo zaphuhliswa ezinokukwazi ukumelana nemeko enamaqondo obushushu asezantsi, anje ngezityalo ezinobungozi.
Ezinye iingcali zibhekisa kweli xesha xa zikhomba kwinqanaba leentyatyambo njenge »Ubudala bemifuno». Ngaphandle kwesi sizathu, uninzi lweentlobo ze-angiosperms zikwazile ukuseka kunye nokukhula ngempumelelo.
izilwanyana
Ngokumalunga nezilwanyana zeNeogene, sinokubona ukuba kukho ukwahluka okubanzi kwamaqela ezilwanyana esaziyo namhlanje. Amaqela aphumeleleyo ayizirhubuluzi, iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Asinakulibala i-ecosystems yaselwandle apho iqela leecetaceans lalinokwahlukahlukana okukhulu.
Iintaka zodidi lwabantu abadlulayo kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba "ziintaka zoyikiso" zezo zazifumaneka ikakhulu kwilizwekazi laseMelika. Namhlanje, iintaka ngokulandelelana kwabahambi lelona qela leentaka libanzi kwaye libanzi. Kungenxa yokuba bakwazile ukugcina ukusinda kwabo ixesha elide kwaye babonakaliswa ikakhulu yimilenze yabo ebavumela ukuba bahlale kumasebe emithi. Ukongeza, banako ukucula kwaye oku kubangela ukuba babe nezithethe ezinzima.
Kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo singatsho ukuba zezona zafumana iyantlukwano ebanzi. Yonke i Intsapho yaseBovidae apho iibhokhwe, ii-antelopes, iigusha, kwelinye icala, ezo zezosapho lakwaCervidae, Apho amaxhama akho kunye nexhama bandisa kakhulu uluhlu lwabo.
Iqela lezilwanyana ezanyisayo eziphawule isiganeko esibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yendaleko yayilelo lokuqala lomntu. YiAustralopithecus kwaye iphawulwa ngobukhulu bayo obuncinci kunye nentshukumo yayo yeebipedal.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neNeogene.