Mukati Nguva yeCenozoic isu tine Paleogene nguva. Iko kupatsanurwa kwenguva yakaenzana inosvika makore emamirioni makumi matanhatu nematanhatu uye ikapera makore angangoita makumi maviri nematatu apfuura. Munguva ino tine shanduko huru yezvipuka zvisinei nekuti yaifanirwa kushanduka kubva pamhando dzediki diki. Iyo Paleogene fauna maka pamberi nepashure, kunyanya mune zvipuka.
Naizvozvo, isu tiri kuzotsaurira ichi chinyorwa kukuudza zvese hunhu uye shanduko yemhuka dzePaleogene.
Paleogene nguva
Iyi nguva yaive mavambo emamwe echinyakare mafomu ehupenyu hwazvino. Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti pakutanga kweiyi geological nguva pakange paine kutsakatika kunoenderana nemadinosaurs kumagumo cretaceous nguva. Mune geology yenguva ino tinoona kuti mahwendefa eAustralia neIndia akafamba nenzira yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekuda kwekufamba kwenyika. Inofungidzirwa kuti kumhanya kwekufamba kweizvi tectonic mahwendefa aive anenge matanhatu masentimita pagore. Parizvino chiyero ichi chakaderera zvakanyanya.
Tinofanira zvakare kufunga kuti mhuka dzePaleogene dzakakanganiswa neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze padanho repasirese. Paive nekuchinja kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze senge kutonhora kwakawanda kwenzvimbo dzese dzepolar. Nekuda kwekudzikira kwese tembiricha yepasirese, zvaive zvichikwanisika kubvumira pasi rese kuti ritonhorere. Sezvo nguva yePaleogene inopfuurira, tembiricha yepasi yakawedzera zvakare. Uye ndiko kuti kuwedzera kwetembiricha kwakabatsira kuve nemamiriro ekunze anopisa munzvimbo zhinji. Sezvatinoziva, mamiriro ekunze ekunze anonyanya kuve ne yakawanda tembiricha yakakwira, mwando wakakwira uye kunaya kwakanaka. Zvese izvi zvinotungamira mukuvandudzika kwemhuka dzePaleogene.
Hupenyu hwakawanda hwaifanirwa kujairana nemamiriro ekunze uye vakakwanisa kuzviita zvisinei nekutsakatika kwakaitika munguva yadarika. Imwe yetaxa yaigona kugadzirwa yaive angiosperm zvirimwa.
Paleogene fauna
Iyo Paleogene nguva yakakamurwa kuita matatu epochs: iyo Paleocene, the Ecoene and the Oligocene. Mune yega yega yenguva idzi tinowana kumwe kusimuka kwemhuka dzePaleogene. Ngationgororei kuti ndeapi zvakadzama.
Paleocene
Munguva yePaleocene epoch takawana huwandu hukuru hwemhuka dzaifanira kurarama kupera kukuru kwekupedzisira Cretaceous. Nekuda kwechiitiko ichi chekutsakatika kukuru, mhuka dzakakwanisa kusimudzira maitiro akasiyana ekuenderana nharaunda nyowani. Kutsakatika uku kwakapa iwo mukana wekusiyana uye kuwedzera kune mamwe marudzi emiti nemhuka. Ivo zvakanyanya vakatora mukana wechiitiko chekuti ma dinosaurs anga atovepo. Uye ndiyo here mhuka idzi ivo vaionekwa sevanonyanya kukosha zvikara pasi rese. Mhuka dzese dzaifanirwa kukwikwidza zviwanikwa nema dinosaurs.
Pakati pemhuka dzePaleogene dzinomira kubva panguva yePaleocene tine zvinokambaira. Vakanga vari boka remhuka dzakapona kutsakatika chaizvo uye vakafarirwa nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze enguva ino. Pakati pezvakakura kwazvo zvinokambaira tinowana macamposaurs aigara munzvimbo dzemumvura. Nyoka nehove dzegungwa zvakare zvakave nekusimudzira kukuru.
Kana dziri shiri, ivo vakawedzera nekutenda nekuwedzera kwekushisa munzvimbo dzinopisa. Shiri dzinotyisa ndidzo dzaizivikanwa zvakanyanya panguva iyoyo. Vakanga vakakura asi vasina kugona kubhururuka. Tsika dzerudzi urwu dzaidya uye dzaionekwa senge dzinotyisa mhuka zhinji. Dzimwe mhando dzeshiri dzakawana kukura kukuru panguva dzePaleogene fauna dzaive hove, hangaiwa, zizi uye dhadha.
Mhuka dzegungwa dzakagadzirawo zvakawanda kwazvo maererano nehove. Yakagadzira makwikwi makuru mumunda wegungwa uye mashark akapararira kuva nyowani nyowani. Mumunda wezvipfuwo, imwe yemhuka dzakasimukira zvakanyanya panguva yemhuka dzePaleogene, tinowana zvipenga, monotremes uye mamarsupial Isu tinowanawo iro boka remakonzo, nyani, mandimu, pakati pevamwe.
Ecoene
Mune nguva yeMiocene, mhuka dzePaleogene dzakagadzirwa zvakanyanya muboka rezvipuka neshiri. Invertebrates akakwanisa kugadzira uye kusiyanisa zvakati wandei mumugungwa nharaunda. Mazhinji mamollusks, gastropods, bivalves, cnidarians echinoderms inogona kukura panguva iyoyo. Boka remasvosve ingangodaro iri boka rakasimukira kwazvo remhuka maererano nema invertebrates.
Shiri dzaive mhando dzakasimukira nekutenda kune yakanaka nharaunda mamiriro. Zvizhinji kwazvo zvaive mhando dzinozivikanwa saPhorusrhacidae, Gastornis nemapenguin. Mumunda wezvinokambaira uye zvipuka zvakasimukira pamwero wakanaka, takawana mhuka dzinogona kusvika gumi metres pakureba. Pakati pemhuka idzi isu tine vasina kubviswa, ivo cetaceans uye maAmbulocytids. Mhuka yega yega yaive nehunhu hwakakosha hwaivabatsira kuchinjira kunharaunda yaivepo panguva iyoyo.
Oligocene
Chikamu chekupedzisira chemhuka dzePaleogene chinoreva mhuka dzeOligocene. Inozivikanwa nekuve nemapoka mazhinji emhuka dzakasiyana uye dzichikura zvisinei nemamiriro ekunze avakawanikwa. Pano shanduko yezvipuka inoratidzika. Huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzemammalia dzakaonekwa, pakati padzo tine makonzo, canids, primates uye cetaceans.
Makonzo aive nehunhu hukuru hwekuve neakanyanya kupinza incisors nekushandisa kwakawanda. Iko kushandiswa kwainyanya iya yekuruma zvikara kana kutsenga huni. Primates iboka rakasimukira kwazvo rezvipuka uye vanozivikanwa nekuve nezvigunwe zvishanu pamitezo yavo. Pakati pezvakanaka zvekushanduka kwemhuka idzi pamusoro pezvimwe zvipuka ndezvekuti vane zvigumwe zvinopesana. Pamusoro pezvo, vane tsoka dzakasimwa dzinobvumira iro rese rutsoka kutsigirwa kuitira kuti rifambe zvakanyanya.
Canids ndezveboka remhumhi nembwa. Hunhu hwavo hukuru ndewekuva nemuviri uri pakati nepakati uye vanofamba pamazano eminwe. Ivo vane chikafu chinodya uye kazhinji vanowanikwa mune yechikara chinongedzo muketani yechikafu.
Pakupedzisira, cetaceans raive boka remhuka dzakasimudzira zvakati wandei panguva yemhuka dzePaleogene. Idzo dzaive mhuka dzakashandisirwa zvakanyanya kuhupenyu hwemumvura kunyangwe dzichiramba dziine mweya wekufema.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka dzePaleogene.