Izintaba-mlilo ziyesatshwa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba ngenxa yekhono lazo lokucekela phansi yonke into. Lokhu kuyizikhumbuzo sokuthi iplanethi yethu kufanele isixwayise ukuthi iyakwazi ukukhipha lonke ulaka lwayo olucindezelwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Kososayensi, ukubikezela a Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kunokuhlukahluka okuningi okuthonya le nqubo. Ezinye izintaba-mlilo zikhathaza kakhulu kunezinye ezinikezwe amandla azo aphezulu engcupheni noma ngenxa yabantu ezingabathinta.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizokhuluma ngazo zonke izici zentaba-mlilo eqhumayo nokuthi iziphi izintaba-mlilo eziqhuma zazo zisondele kakhulu futhi zilindelekile. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe?
Ingozi yentaba-mlilo eqhumayo
Kwesimo semvelo esifana nesiphepho, isiphepho, isiphepho noma, njengakulesi simo, intaba-mlilo eqhuma ukuba nengozi ethile, kufanele kube nesibalo sabantu esingathinta. Sinto engokwemvelo ayimthinti umuntu "ayiyona ingozi". Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi, ngokuya ngomthelela ongaba khona ezimpilweni zabantu nasezimpilweni zabo, ingozi yabo iyanda noma inciphe.
Intaba-mlilo eqhumayo ingaba yingozi kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lokuqhuma onalo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuqhuma. Lezi yizona eziyinhloko:
- Ukuqhuma kweHawaii: Lolu hlobo lokuqhuma lunokwakheka kwe-basalt ngokuphelele. Igama layo kungenxa yokuthi kwenzeka kwezinye iziqhingi ezinjengeziqhingi zaseHawaii. I-Lava imvamisa iyamanzi.
- Ukuqhuma kweStrombolian: Yibona abadume kakhulu ngokuba yibo abavela kumabhayisikobho nakuchungechunge. IMagma iyamanzi kakhulu futhi yakhiwe ngamabhasali. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-magma inyusa kancane ikholomu yentaba-mlilo ize idale ukuqhuma futhi idedele lonke udaka. Amabhamuza akhiqizwa ngaphakathi njengakumabhayisikobho.
- Ukuqhuma kwe-Vulcanian: Sithola uhlobo lokuqhuma oluncane kakhulu. Kwenzeka lapho umzila wentaba-mlilo ugcwele udaka futhi, ngokuqongelela, wembulwa ukukhipha konke. Ukuqhuma kwalezi zibiliboco kungathatha amahora ambalwa.
- Ukuqhuma kwe-Plinian: Lokhu kuqhuma kubonakala ngobukhona babo obukhulu bamagesi. Lapho izinto zemagnikhi zihlangana namagesi akhishiwe, ama-priroclast akhiwa. Itshe elidumile le-pumice lakhiwa kulokhu kuqhuma.
- Ukuqhuma kweSurtseyanZenzeka lapho umagma ehlangana namanzi olwandle. Uma lokhu kubuningi obukhulu, kuzoba nokuqhuma okunjengaleso okwenzeke e-voltano yaseSytsey (yingakho igama laso).
- Ukuqhuma kwe-Hydrovolcanic: Kuzo kukhona ukuqhuma okukhiqizwa umusi wamanzi ngaphezu kwedwala. Lokhu kuqhuma kudala imiphumela emibi kakhulu bese kuba nodaka.
Izintaba-mlilo "ezisalindile" ukuqhuma
Lapho sikhuluma ngentaba-mlilo esalinde ukuqhuma, ihlala ingacaci kahle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingasebenza cishe ngokwendawo noma icishe isebenze nge-anthropologically. Okwe-geology, isikhathi sokuma komhlaba yisilinganiso lapho zonke izinqubo eziseMhlabeni zenzeka khona. Isilinganiso siyizigidi zeminyaka hhayi ikhulu leminyaka elifana nelomuntu.
Ngakho-ke, intaba-mlilo ingahle "ilinde" ngokwendawo ukuqhuma futhi ingathinti abantu okwamanje okwamanje. Thatha isibonelo ukuqhuma kwe- Intaba-mlilo yaseKilauea. Cabanga ukuthi kusalindwe ngokwendawo. Lokhu kungadala ukuthi iqhume kungakapheli iminyaka engama-250.000. Ngesikhathi se-geologic, leli nani eminyakeni liphansi. Kodwa-ke, ngokwesilinganiso somuntu akunakucatshangwa. Impela ngeke kukukhathaze ukwazi ukuthi i-meteorite izoshaya iplanethi yethu eminyakeni engama-250.000.
Isibonelo sangempela yintaba-mlilo i-Yellowstone Caldera. Ukuqhuma kwabo kubikezelwa ukuthi kubi kakhulu. Ochwepheshe bathi lokho ukugeleza kodaka kungadlulela phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-65. Intaba-mlilo ingahle ingaqhumi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kodwa-ke, uzoba nesexwayiso sonyaka kuphela sokulungiselela umcimbi onjalo oyinhlekelele.
Ososayensi bafunda ngentaba-mlilo eqhumayo ukuze baqonde ukuziphatha futhi bazame ukukuqagela. Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo njengamanje emhlabeni. Okwaziwayo ukuthi kunezintaba-mlilo ezingama-550 emhlabeni. Le nombolo ayifaki leyo etholakala ezansi olwandle. Izintaba-mlilo kuphela eziseduze nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi emhlabeni wokuqala njenge i-United States, iJapane noma i-Italy zigadwa njalo.
Izifundo ze-Volcano
Ososayensi baqhubeka nokutadisha amathuba okuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ukuthola ukuthi yikuphi okungaqhuma kakhulu, kubhekwa nohlu lwezintaba-mlilo eziye zaqhamuka nohlobo oluthile esikhathini seminyaka eyi-10.000 XNUMX. Ukuvikela umphakathi enhlekeleleni, ukuqapha kufanele kukhuliswe futhi abantu abasengozini kufanele basuswe. Lapho inani labantu lisuswa, ama-alamu angamanga nokwenqatshwa kungakhiwa ngabantu. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuseduze.
Njengoba sishilo kukho konke okuthunyelwe, kuyinkimbinkimbi impela ukwazi ukuthi iziphi izintaba-mlilo ezingaqhuma. Ososayensi bakwazile ukubona izintaba-mlilo ezidinga ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe. Kwenziwe uhlu lwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izintaba-mlilo ezisohlwini kufanele ziqhume.
Izintaba-mlilo ezivela ohlwini zishintsha kakhulu. Iningi lazo lisezifundeni ezinabantu abaningi elinempahla ebalulekile yomnotho. Bayakwazi ukukhiqiza amathani omlotha, ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic, ukugeleza kwe-lava, njll.
Zonke lezi zinto ziyingozi ngokwanele ukuthi zivele zehle. Kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukuqapha futhi uzilungiselele ukukhipha abantu ngokushesha okukhulu.
Lezi yizintaba-mlilo eziyi-16 ezisohlwini:
- U-Avachinsky-Koryaksky eKamchatka, eRussia
- Colima eJalisco, eMexico
- IGaleras eNariño, eColombia
- Mauna Loa eHawaii, United States
- U-Etna eSicily, e-Italy
- IMerapi eCentral Java, Indonesia
- Nyiragongo eNyakatho Kivu, eDemocratic Republic of the Congo
- Rainier eWashington, United States
- IVesuvius eCampania, e-Italy
- Okunganqunyelwe eNagasaki / Kumamoto, Japan
- USakurajima eKagoshima, eJapan
- USanta Maria eQuetzaltenango, eGuatemala
- ISantorini eSouth Aegean, eGrisi
- Intaba-mlilo iTaal eCalabarzon, ePhilippines
- UTeide eziqhingini zaseCanary, eSpain
- Ulawun eNew Britain, ePapua New Guinea
Ngenxa yabantu abahlala kulezi zindawo, ngiyathemba ukuthi aziqhamuki ngokwesilinganiso somuntu.