Ngaphakathi kwejoloji kukho isebe elibizwa stratigraphy Into eyenzayo kukufunda ubume beqhekeza kwaye unike amatye ubudala. Ngaphakathi kweli sebe kukho elinye isebe elikhethekileyo elibizwa ngokuba yokwahlulahlula. Iingcali zeJoloji ziye zakwazi ukuseka iminyaka ehambelana namatye e-sedimentary enkosi kwimigaqo ye-stratigraphic kunye nomgaqo wokufana. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze sikwazi ukwakha ikholamu ye-stratigraphic global, esinye isixhobo siyimfuneko esivumela ukusekwa kweminyaka yazo zonke ii-strata ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zehlabathi kunye nokuzidibanisa. Olu luxanduva lwe-biostratigraphy.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neli sebe lesayensi.
Yintoni efundwa yi-biostratigraphy
Eli sebe lesayensi lazalelwa ukusombulula ezinye iingxaki eziye zaphakanyiswa xa kwakusungulwa iminyaka yamatye kunye nekholamu yomhlaba wonke. Iingcali zejoloji zakudala zacebisa umgaqo wokulandelelana kwezilwanyana ngokulandelelana kwe-stratigraphic. Lo mgaqo wokulandelelana kwezilwanyana usixelela loo nto Iiyunithi ze-lithological kufuneka zibonise uthotho lweefosili ezibonisa ubudala babo. Ezi fosili aziveli kuphela kule yunithi kodwa kufuneka ziphindaphindwe kwenye nakwezinye. Ezona fossil zezona mpawu kufuneka zihluke kwaye zibekhona nakwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatye e-sedimentary.
Ezona ntsalela zimeleyo zezona zilungileyo zisebenza ukubamba iminyaka yobudala emadwaleni. Ezi fosili zibaluleke kakhulu zibizwa ngokuba zii-index fossil. Ziyaziwa ngegama lefosili yesikhokelo. Ezi fosili zinikezelwe ngohlobo lokuba ngokwendawo siwolule wonke ummandla. Ziqhelekile kwaye zihlala zigcinwa kakuhle. Ukongeza, zonke iintlobo kufuneka zivele ngexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo olo lunokuzibonakalisa ixesha elide.
Kuya kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba, ukuze sibe neminyaka yezi zifundo, kufuneka sibhenele kwi Ixesha lejoloji. Eli xesha lokuma komhlaba lelona liphawula ixesha apho uhlobo luvela khona kwaye lusasazeke ngokukuko kwisithuba esinye sexesha. Kuyo yonke imbali kunye namaxesha e-geological athe abakho kwiplanethi yethu kukho ezo ziphelileyo ziye zenzeka kwihlabathi liphela.
Kuya kufuneka sithelekise ulwazi esinikwa sisalathiso sefosili, iifosili zezinto ezikhoyo ezibonakala zihambelana nelitye elithile. Ezi fossil zihlala zingatshintshanga kangangexesha elide.
Biohorizons kunye nee-biozones
Ziingcinga ezimbini ezisekwe kwisebe lezesayensi elibizwa ngokuba yi-biostratigraphy. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-fossil nganye ibonakala kwiqela elithile le-strata. Akukho namnye elityeni elibekwe ngaphakathi nangaphezulu kwikholamu ye-stratigraphic ekufuneka eneefosili zolu hlobo kwakhona. Imiphezulu ye-lithological yileyo ethintela ubukho befosili kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-biohorizons. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, ibonisa indawo apho loo fosili yayikhona ngokuzimeleyo kwabanye.
Zimbini iintlobo zebhayoloji. Kwelinye icala kukho ezo zimbonakalo yokuqala kwaye, kwelinye icala, ezo zembonakalo yokugqibela. Ngokwesiqhelo iintlobo ziyavela kwaye akukho nto incinci ilahlekileyo. Umahluko ezi ntlobo zihlala zinazo ulandela umgaqo wokuzivelela kwezinto. Ukuba uhlalutya i-horizons unokubona ukuba ayinangqondo. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha yayiziinkqubo zokupheliswa kobuninzi, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaqela ezilwanyana kunye nezityalo apheliswe ngexeshana elifutshane. Umzekelo woku kukuphela okukhulu kwee-dinosaurs eziphawula ukuphela kwexesha leCretaceous.
Ii-Biohorizons zezo ziphawula ukupheliswa kobunzima kwaye zicace gca. Kwelinye icala, sineebiozones. Ezi zeziyunithi ze-lithological ezibonisa i-index fossil okanye umxholo we-paleontological obaluleke kakhulu. Sineentlobo ezithile zebiozones:
- Ii-biozones xa zizonke zezo zimela umanyano lwamathambo amaninzi ngendlela yendalo ngaphakathi kwecandelo le-stratigraphic.
- IiBiozones zoxinzelelo zezo zihambelana neebiozones ezanda ngokuthe nkqo okanye ngokuthe nkqo. Baphawula umahluko phakathi kwamacandelo.
- Ii-biozones ze-apogee Zizo ezo eziphawula ubuninzi beentlobo, uhlobo kunye nosapho. Ezi zikhethekileyo.
- Ixesha le-biozones zezo zimele amatye phakathi kwee-biohorizons ezimbini zeefosili ezahlukeneyo.
Ukubaluleka kwexesha lejoloji kwi-biostratigraphy
Eli xesha lejoloji likho kuzo zonke izifundo ezikwisigcawu. I-Biostratigraphy yayisesona sixhobo silungileyo esasincedayo ukujongana nobudala bamatye ngendlela ehambelana nayo. Onke amatye e-sedimentary kwinqanaba lehlabathi aphathwe kwaye, ukongeza, yanceda ekwakheni icandelo le-stratigraphic world. Yonke idatha ihambelana kwaye khange ithethe nto malunga nobudala boMhlaba. Ke ngoko, izazinzulu ziya kuzama ukubala le minyaka zisebenzisa i-biostratigraphy.
Zininzi iimvavanyo kunye nososayensi abanike izimvo ezahlukeneyo ukuze bakwazi ukubala ubudala beplanethi yethu. Oluvavanyo luye lwadala impikiswano enkulu kunye neengxoxo ezifana nezinye eziphakamisa ukuba uMhlaba wawuneminyaka engama-75.000 kuphela ubudala. Lo mbandela wagqitywa ngophando lwemitha kunye nolingelo lokubhukuda lwe-radiometric. Ngale ndlela, umxholo wezinto ezinemitha ye-radio kunye nokwahlulwa kwazo kwezinye izinto kufundwe. Oku kube yinto enokubakho ngenxa yokubala ubuninzi bamatye e-volcanic ngenxa yomzobo we stratigraphy.
Le minyaka ibalwayo yongezwa kwisikali esihambelanayo kunye nexesha le-geologic esikwaziyo namhlanje. Eli nqanaba lelona liphawula ulwazi lomhlaba wethu malunga malunga nezigidi ezi-4.600 zeminyaka eyadlulayo kunye nokubonakala kwamatye okuqala asagciniweyo malunga ne-3.600 yezigidi zeminyaka.
Njengoko ubona, iifosili sisixhobo esihle sokufunda ngembali yomhlaba wethu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-biostratigraphy.