Los izimbiwa kunye namatye Zibaluleke kakhulu kungekuphela geology, kodwa kulwazi lomhlaba. Kubo sinokukhupha izibonelelo zendalo, izixhobo zokwakha, ubucwebe, izixhobo zamandla, njl. Ke ngoko, siza kugxila kweli nqaku malunga nezimbiwa kunye namatye. Siza kuthetha malunga nokuba zeziphi na izimbiwa kunye nohlobo lwazo, nokuba yintoni amatye kwaye zibaluleke kangakanani.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neemaminerali kunye namatye, le yiposti yakho 🙂
Ziyintoni izimbiwa
Izimbiwa zenziwe ngezinto eziqinileyo, zendalo kunye nezinto ezingaphiliyo ezinemvelaphi yazo kwimagma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ngokutshintshwa kwezimbiwa esele zikhona kwaye zenze ezinye. Imaminerali nganye inesakhiwo esithile semichiza esixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubume bayo. Inezinto ezizodwa zomzimba ezivela kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo.
Amaminerali ayalele iiathom. Ezi atom zifunyenwe zisenza iseli okanye iseli esisiseko ephindaphindwayo kulo lonke ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Olu lwakhiwo lukhokelela kwiimilo ezithile zejiyometri ezithi, nangona zingasoloko zibonwa ngamehlo, zikhona.
Iiyunithi zeeseli zenza iikristali ezidibanisa kunye nokwenza i-lattice okanye i-crystal mesh structure. Ezi kristali zenza iiminerali zenza kancinci kancinci. Ukucothisa ukwenziwa kwekristale, kokukhona iyalela ngakumbi amasuntswana, kwaye ke, kungcono inkqubo yekristallisation.
Amakristali ayakha okanye akhule ngokuxhomekeke kwi-axes okanye kwiiplani zokulinganisa. Iinkqubo zekristale zihlela iintlobo ezingama-32 zolungelelwaniso ezinokuba nazo ikristale. Sinezinye eziphambili:
- Rhoqo okanye cubic
- I-Trigonal
- Hexagonal
- Rhombic
- Imonoclinic
- Unyango
- Itetragonal
Amakristali ezimbiwa ahlukaniswanga, kodwa enza izinto ezihlanganisiweyo. Ukuba iikristali ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zikhula kwindiza enye okanye i-axis symmetry, ithathela ingqalelo into eyimbumba ebizwa ngokuba liwele. Umzekelo wewele yikristale yetyartz. Ukuba isimbiwa sigubungela umphezulu wedwala, siyakuba senza idrase okanye idendrite. Umzekelo, pyrolusite.
Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba izimbiwa zenziwe zagungxulwa emgodini weliwa, izakhiwo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-geode ziyenziwa. Ezi geode zithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela ngobuhle bazo kunye nokuhombisa. I-Olivine ngumzekelo ocacileyo we-geode. Kukho ii-geode ezinkulu ezinje ngomgodi wePulpi de Almería.
Ukwahlula-hlula kwezimbiwa
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula izimbiwa. Masiqale ngeyokuqala. Ngokwenziwe kwezimbiwa, inokuhlelwa ngendlela elula. Zahlula-hlulwe:
- Iintsimbi: Zizo ezo zenziwe nge-magma kwaye ziyintsimbi yentsimbi. Ezona zaziwa kakhulu lubhedu nesilivere, i-limonite, i-magnetite, i-pyrite, i-blende, i-malachite, i-azurite okanye i-cinnabar, phakathi kwabanye.
- Non-ebuntsimbi. Phakathi kwe-non-metalliferous sine-silicates, eyona nto iphambili kuyo silica. Ziye zenziwa magma kwi-asthenosphere. Zizimbiwa ezinjenge-olivine, eclogic, talc, muscovite, quartz, ortose kunye nodongwe. Sikwanazo neetyiwa zetyuwa, ezenziwa ngeetyuwa ezingena xa amanzi olwandle nolwandle ephuphuma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwezinye iiminerali. Zizimbiwa ezenziwa yimvula. Umzekelo, sine-calcite, halite, silvin, gypsum, magnesite, anhydrite, phakathi kwabanye.
Okokugqibela, sinazo ezinye izimbiwa namanye amacandelo. Ezi zenziwe nge-magma okanye ukuphinda kwenziwe kwakhona. Sifumana i-fluorite, isalfure, i-graphite, i-aragonite, i-apatite kunye ne-calcite.
Iingxondorha kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo
Iingxondorha zenziwe ngamacandelo ezimbiwa okanye iminerali enye. Kuhlobo lokuqala sinegranite kwaye kwezimbiwa sinetyuwa eliliwa njengemizekelo. Ukwenziwa kwamatye yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye ilandela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokutsho imvelaphi yamatye, inokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. La matye awahlali ngokusisigxina, kodwa ahlala ekhula kwaye etshintsha. Ewe ziluhlobo olwenzeka kwifayile ye- Ixesha lejoloji. Oko kukuthi, ngokomlinganiso womntu asizukubona uhlobo lwelitye okanye sizitshabalalise ngokupheleleyo, kodwa amatye anento eyaziwa ngokuba ngumjikelo werwala.
Amatye anqabileyo
Amatye anqabileyo ngalawo akwenzileyo ukusuka ekupholiseni kwemagma evela ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Inenxalenye engamanzi yengubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Asthenosphere. IMagma inokupholisa ngaphakathi nangamandla ombane womhlaba. Kuxhomekeka kwindawo aphola kuyo umagma, iikristali ziya kwenza ngandlela thile kwaye ngesantya esahlukileyo, nto leyo enika ubume bezinto ezahlukeneyo ezinje:
- Ikhutshiwe: xa i-magma ipholile kancinci kwaye iiminerali ziqaqamba kunye neenkozo ezibonakalayo zobungakanani obufanayo.
- Porphyry: yenzeka xa i-magma ipholile ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni iqala ukupholisa kancinci, kodwa emva koko ngokukhawuleza nangakumbi.
- Vitreous. Ikwaziwa ngokuba kukungena kwemivumbo. Kwenzeka xa i-magma ipholile ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Ngale ndlela, iikristali azenzi, kodwa ijongeka njengeglasi.
Amatye e-sedimentary
Zizo ezo zenziwe ngezixhobo ezivela kukhukuliseko lwamanye amatye. Izinto zithuthwa kwaye zibekwe emazantsi emilambo okanye ulwandle. Xa ziqokelela, zivelisa umtya. Ngokusebenzisa ezinye iinkqubo ezinje i-lithification, compaction, cementation kunye ne-recrystallization form yala matye matsha.
Amatye eMetamorphic
Ngawo loo matye enziwe ngamanye amatye. Ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngamatye e-sedimentary athe enza iinkqubo zenguqu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Ngaba iiarhente zejoloji njengoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obuguqula ilitye. Ngesi sizathu, uhlobo lwelitye luxhomekeke kwizimbiwa elinazo nakwinqanaba lenguqu ethe yenzeka ngenxa yeejenoloji zejoloji.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neeminerali kunye namatye.