Yini i-biosphere?

Iplanethi yethu uMhlaba uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi impela lapho kunezigidi zokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezinto zemvelo. Kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kubanzi kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukutadisha iplanethi yoMhlaba ngokuphelele. Ukuze kwehlukaniswe izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezakha uMhlaba, sekuchazwe izinhlelo ezingaphansi ezine. I-biosphere, i-geosphere, i-hydrosphere nomkhathi.

I-geosphere iqoqa ingxenye yoMhlaba leyo iqinile lapho kutholakala khona izingqimba zoMhlaba esihlala kuwo kanye namatshe. I-geosphere yakhiwe izingqimba eziningana.

1. Isendlalelo somhlaba, esivame ukwehluka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-500 kuya ku-1.000 XNUMX, akhiwa inhlabathi namatshe asezintabeni.
2. Isendlalelo esiphakathi esihambelana noqweqwe lwamazwekazi lapho kutholakala khona amathafa, izigodi nezinhlelo zezintaba.
3. Isendlalelo se-basalt esiphansi lapho kutholakala khona uqweqwe lwasolwandle futhi sinobukhulu obucishe bube ngu-10-20km.
4. Ingubo kaMhlaba.
5. Ingqikithi Yomhlaba.

Ngeminye imininingwane nge izingqimba zomhlaba chofoza kusixhumanisi esisanda kukushiya ngaso.

Umkhathi yingxenye yegesi ezungeze uMhlaba. Iqukethe ingxube yegesi ye-nitrogen (78%), i-oxygen (21%), namanye amagesi (1%). Yindawo lapho amafu nemvula enza khona, futhi ukubaluleka kwawo yilokho kwenza umhlaba wethu ukwazi ukuhlala.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukwakheka komoya womhlaba

I-hydrosphere yingxenye yoMhlaba enamanzi ketshezi. Ingxenye ewuketshezi yizilwandle, izilwandle, amachibi, imifula, imithambeka engaphansi komhlaba, njll. Futhi ingxenye eqinile yizimbobo ezibandayo, izinguzunga zeqhwa nezintaba zeqhwa.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, isisekelo ngasinye soMhlaba sakhiwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene futhi sinakho umsebenzi obalulekile ngempilo emhlabeni. Kepha esizogxila kukho kulesi sihloko yi-biosphere. Yini i-biosphere?

I-biosphere iyindawo yonke enegesi, eqinile futhi engamanzi ebusweni bomhlaba ehlala izidalwa eziphilayo. Zakhiwa zombili yizindawo ze-lithosphere nezindawo ze-hydrosphere nomoya lapho kungenzeka khona impilo.

Izici ze-Biosphere

Manje njengoba usuyazi ukuthi i-biosphere iyini, ake sibheke ukuthi ziyini izici zayo. I-biosphere yakhiwe ungqimba oluncane lobukhulu obungajwayelekile. Njengoba kuyisistimu eqoqa izindawo zeplanethi lapho impilo ikhona khona kunzima kakhulu ukusetha imingcele lapho i-biosphere iqala futhi iphele khona. Kepha okungaphezulu noma okuncane, i-biosphere ifinyelela cishe ku-10 km ngenhla kogu lolwandle futhi cishe ngamamitha ayi-10 ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi lapho izimpande zezihlahla nezitshalo zingena khona futhi kunezinto ezincane eziphilayo.

Engxenyeni yasolwandle, ibuye ifake nezindawo zamanzi angaphezulu kanye nokujula kwezilwandle lapho kukhona khona impilo. Ngaphandle kwe-biosphere nemikhawulo esibekelwe okungaphezulu noma okuncane, ayikho impilo yasemhlabeni.

Njengoba siphawulile, impilo ku-biosphere ayibonakali njengongqimba oluqhubekayo lwezilwane, izitshalo kanye nama-microorganisms (amabhaktheriya kanye nama-virus) kodwa kunalokho abantu bangabantu bezinhlobo ezahlukene. Lezi zinhlobo (kuze kube manje kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ezaziwayo) ezisatshalaliswa futhi zihlala kule ndawo ngokuhlukile. Abanye bayathutha, abanye banqobe kanti abanye bayindawo futhi bavikela indawo yabo yokuhlala.

I-biosphere iyisibonelo se- uhlelo. Sichaza uhlelo njengaleso sethi sezinto ezihlangana zodwa, futhi nabasebenzeli bangaphandle, ngendlela yokuthi basebenze njengesethi egcina ukusebenza phakathi. Yingakho i-biosphere ichazwa ngokuphelele njengohlelo ngoba zineqoqo lezinto eziphilayo ezihlangana zodwa, bese zona, zisebenzelana nezinye izinto ezingezona ezendawo, kepha ezingeze-geosphere, umkhathi ne-hydrosphere. .

Ukuze sibe yisibonelo siphendukela kuzulu, umhlaba, amanzi nomoya. Izinhlanzi zihlala e-hydrosphere, kepha zona zikhona e-biosphere, ngoba ixhumana namanzi angamanzi futhi ihlala endaweni lapho kukhona khona impilo. Kungokufanayo nangezinyoni. Zindiza phezu koqweqwe lwegesi loMhlaba olubizwa ngomkhathi, kepha futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezinokuphila kwe-biosphere.

Ngakho-ke, ku-biosphere kukhona izici eziphilayo ezimelwe yiyo yonke leyo miphakathi yezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlangana zodwa kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlelo zomhlaba. Leyo miphakathi yezinto eziphilayo yakhiwa ngabakhiqizi, abathengi kanye nabahluzi. Kepha kukhona izici ze-abiotic esebenzisana nezidalwa eziphilayo. Lezo zinto yi-oxygen, amanzi, izinga lokushisa, ukukhanya kwelanga, njll. Isethi yalezi zinto, i-biotic ne-abiotic, yakha imvelo.

Amaleveli wenhlangano ku-Biosphere

Ku-biosphere, ngokuvamile, izidalwa eziphilayo azihlali zodwa, kepha kunalokho zidinga ukuxhumana nezinye izinto eziphilayo kanye nezici ze-abiotic. Kungakho, emvelweni kukhona amazinga ahlukene enhlangano. Ngokuya ngokusebenzisana kwezidalwa eziphilayo nokuthi amaqembu amakhulu kangakanani, kunabantu, imiphakathi kanye nemvelo.

Abantu

Leli zinga lenhlangano livela emvelweni lapho izinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo, izilwane noma ama-microorganism zihlangana ngesikhathi nezikhala ezivamile. Okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane ukuhlala ndawonye esikhaleni esifanayo futhi basebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ezifanayo ukusinda nokwanda.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngesibalo sabantu, indawo lapho kutholakala khona izinhlobo zezilwane nesikhathi salabo bantu kufanele kunqunywe, ngoba ayihlali isikhathi ngesikhathi ngenxa yezici ezinjengokuntuleka kokudla, ukuncintisana noma ushintsho emvelweni. Kulezi zinsuku, ngesenzo somuntu, abantu abaningi abahlali ngoba izakhamzimba zemvelo abahlala kuyo zingcolisiwe noma zehlisiwe.

Umphakathi wezinto eziphilayo

Umphakathi ophilayo ungomunye lapho kuhlala khona abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu bezidalwa eziphilayo. Lokho wukuthi, isibalo ngasinye ixhumana nabanye abantu kanye nemvelo ebazungezile. Le miphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ifaka yonke imiphakathi yezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzisanayo. Isibonelo, ihlathi, ichibi, njll. Ziyizibonelo zemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo, ngoba kunenqwaba yezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, ulwelwe kanye nezilwanyana ezincane ezihlangana, futhi zona, zisebenzisana nezici ze-abiotic ezifana namanzi (ngokuphefumula), inani ukukhanya okushaya echibini nasentanjeni.

Isimiso semvelo

I-ecosystem ileveli enkulu kunazo zonke futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yenhlangano. Kuwo, umphakathi wezinto eziphilayo uxhumana nemvelo ye-abiotic ukuze wakhe uhlelo olulinganiselayo. Sichaza imvelo njenge lelo sethi lezici ze-biotic ne-abiotic zendawo ethile ezihlangana zodwa. Abantu abahlukahlukene kanye nemiphakathi ehlala emvelweni incike komunye nomunye nakwizici ze-abiotic. Isibonelo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zidinga izinambuzane ukuze zidle, kepha zidinga namanzi nokukhanya ukuze ziphile.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemvelo ye-biotic ne-abiotic kwenzeka ezikhathini eziningi emvelweni. Lapho izitshalo zithwebula i-photosynthesize, zishintshana ngamagesi nomoya osemkhathini. Lapho isilwane siphefumula, lapho sondla bese siqeda imfucuza yaso, njll. Lokhu kuhlangana kwemvelo ye-biotic ne-abiotic kuhumusha ekushintshaneni kwamandla njalo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nemvelo yazo.

Ngenxa yobulukhuni bokusebenzisana, ukuncika kohlobo nokusebenza okukufezayo, ukunwetshwa kohlelo lwemvelo Kunzima kakhulu ukusungula. I-ecosystem akuyona iyunithi eyodwa futhi engahlukaniseki yokusebenza kepha yakhiwa ngamayunithi amaningi amancane anokuxhumana kwawo kanye nokusebenza kwawo.

Ezimvelweni zemvelo kunemiqondo emibili enobudlelwano obusondelene kakhulu ngoba izinto eziphilayo zincike kuzo. Okokuqala Indawo yokuhlala. Indawo yokuhlala yileyo ndawo lapho umzimba uphila futhi ukhule khona. Indawo yokuhlala yakhiwe ngendawo yomzimba we-abiotic lapho kuhlala khona izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo lapho kuhlangana khona. Indawo yokuhlala ingaba nkulu njengechibi noma incane njengenduli.

Omunye umqondo ohlobene ne-ecosystem ngu i-niche yemvelo. Lokhu kuchaza umsebenzi umzimba onawo ku-ecosystem. Lokho ukusho, indlela umzimba ophathelene ngayo nezici ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic. Zingaba yizinto eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, scavenger, decomposers, njll. Kungashiwo ukuthi i-niche yemvelo ingubungcweti noma umsebenzi umzimba onawo ngaphakathi kwemvelo ehlala kuyo.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, i-biosphere uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho kunobudlelwano obuningi obuyizici zokulungisa impilo emhlabeni. Kuyadingeka ukugcina imvelo kude ukungcola nokucekela phansi ukuze imisebenzi yethu ikwazi ukugcina bonke ubudlelwano bezidalwa eziphilayo. Isidalwa ngasinye emvelweni senza umsebenzi waso futhi leyo setha yemisebenzi yikho okwenza sikwazi ukuhlala ezimeni ezinempilo. Kungakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela nokonga imvelo yethu ukuze siqhubeke nokuphila ngokuhle izinga lempilo.