Ukungcola eRhine
I-Water Framework Directive icele amazwe angamalungu e I-European Union kuhlose ukwenziwa ngcono okukhulu kwekhwalithi yamanzi angenasawoti ngonyaka ka-2015. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yiLandau Institute of Environmental Sciences, iHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) kanye nososayensi abathile baseFrance (University of Lorraine kanye I-EDF) neSuizos (iSwitzerland Federal Institute of Water Science and Technology - EAWAG), kukhombisa ukuthi le nhloso isekude ukuthi izuzwe, njengoba amazinga anobuthi emizimbeni enamanzi ahlala ephakeme kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lukhombisa, okokuqala ngqa esikalini se-pan-European, ukuthi izingozi zemvelo ezihambisana namakhemikhali anobuthi ziphakeme kakhulu kunokulindelekile. Esinye sezizathu ezinkulu ukuthi ezinyathelweni zamanje zokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yamanzi imiphumela yezinto ezithile ayinakwa.
Imifula efana neDanube noma iRhine yimvelo ethokozisayo enikezela ngezinsizakalo ezifana nokuzilibazisa, ukudoba namanzi okuphuza ezigidini zabantu. Ngeshwa lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zichayeke ekungeneni kwamakhemikhali avela ezindaweni ezisondelene nezisedolobheni, kusukela ezolimo nezimboni. Le cocktail yamakhemikhali ithinta kabi ulwelwe nezilwane ezinamanzi ahlanzekile futhi iyi- ingozi engaba khona kubantu.
Ngokuphikisana nalokho obekucatshangwa kuze kube namuhla (uthando ngoshevu wamakhemikhali lwalusendaweni kakhulu futhi luqhelile), isifundo esibhekisa kuso sembula ukuthi kubhekwa idatha enkulu, ingozi yemvelo evela kumakhemikhali anobuthi ithinta izinkulungwane zezinhlelo zamanzi zaseYurophu. Ubuthi bamakhemikhali bufanekisela usongo lwezemvelo okungenani engxenyeni yemizimba yamanzi eYurophu, futhi cishe ezimeni eziyi-15% yamacala i-biota esezinhlelweni zamanzi ahlanzekile ingachayeka ekufeni okuphezulu.
Iqembu labacwaningi ligxile ekutadisheni ukweqiwa kwemingcele yobungozi yamabheshi emifula iRhine neDanube, ukuwalinganisa ngamaqembu amathathu ajwayelekile kakhulu wezinto eziphila kulamanzi, izinhlanzi, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla kanye nolwelwe. Idatha, etholwe ekuqapheni okusemthethweni eminyakeni yamuva nje, ikhombisa ukuthi ubukhulu bamasampuli buhluke kakhulu maqondana nokutholakala kwendawo nokwesikhashana, okwenza ukuqhathanisa okuqondile phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene kube nzima kakhulu.
Isibonelo, kukhonjiswa ukuthi ikhwalithi yamanzi yimbi eFrance, cishe impela ngenxa yokuthi iziphathimandla kulelizwe zinenethiwekhi ebanzi yokulawula futhi zihlaziya inani elikhulu lezinto, kufaka phakathi izinto ezihambisana ne-ecotoxicologically , kumasampula amaningi ahlukene wamanzi. Kwamanye amazwe, eziningi zalezi zingozi zingase zinganakwa ngenxa yokuzwela okuphansi kokuhlolwa noma ngenxa yokuthi uhlu lwezinto ezilawulwayo aluphelele. Lokhu, ngokwemibandela ejwayelekile, kwenza izingozi ezithathwe ekuhlaziyweni zikwazi ukubukelwa phansi kunokuba zilinganiselwe ngokweqile.
Izinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezindaweni eziphila emanzini zivela emisebenzini yezolimo, ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nasezikhungweni zokuhlanza indle zikamasipala. Ama-pesticides kwakuyizinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezitholakala kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi angenasawoti, yize ama-organo-tin compounds, ama-organo-brominated compounds, nalawo atholakala emlilweni wama-hydrocarbon, nawo avela ezingeni lokuhlushwa elibucayi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali asetshenzisiwe namuhla alinakwa lapho kuhlaziywa ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nezinto ezithile, amazinga okugxila asebenzayo angahle abe phezulu kakhulu.
Ososayensi ababambe iqhaza kulolu cwaningo bakhombisa ukuthi okuwukuphela kwesisombululo esisebenzayo kwezomnotho esikwazi ukumboza yonke into efanelekile ye-ecotoxicologically kungaba ukwethulwa kwezindlela zemvelo nenhlanganisela yazo ehlakaniphile nezindlela ezisuselwa ekuhlungweni kwamakhemikhali. Ngale ndlela kwakutholakala izinto eziyingozi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zifakwe ohlwini olunobuthi. Okunye okubonwayo ukuthi kudingeka kwenziwe izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kuwo wonke amazinga uma kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa okusimeme kwemvelo yasemanzini.
Onke amalungu eqembu locwaningo ayavuma ukuthi uma lungekho ushintsho olukhulu endleleni yamanje yokuqhubeka, ukufinyelela emazingeni ahlongozwe yi-Water Framework Directive ngeke kwenzeke. Izinyathelo okufanele zilandelwe uma ufuna ngempela ukunciphisa okokufaka nokuqeda izinto ezinobuthi ezinhlelweni ezinamanzi kungaba, ukunciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwamakhemikhali kwezolimo nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe bamanzi angcolile kanye nokwelashwa. Uma izinyathelo zingenziwa, esikhathini eside, zingabeka ubungozi ngqo ezinhlotsheni zabantu, zithinte imvelo futhi zinciphise amandla okuzihlanza kwamanzi.
Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: IYurophu izomemezela iziphakamiso zokunqanda ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, Amandla we-geothermal. Izindlu zokugcina izithombo kanye nesicelo sazo kwezolimo
Fuentes: IHelmholtz Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Ngezemvelo (UFZ), I-PNAS