Ukuba ufunda i-geology ngokuqinisekileyo uvile ngayo umqolo wolwandle. Umxholo wayo ucacisiwe kwimeko enzima. Yeyayo ithiyori yokwakheka komhlaba njengeplate tectonics. Yiyo lethiyori exhasa imvelaphi yolwandle.
Kwaye ukuba ulwandle lwaselwandle aluyonto ingaphaya kodaba lwentaba olungaphantsi kwamanzi olwenziwe kukususwa kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Ngaba ufuna ukwazi imvelaphi, iimpawu kunye neendidi zolwandle olukhoyo kwiplanethi yethu?
Iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi yomqolo wolwandle
Xa iindawo ezininzi eziphakathi kolwandle zisenziwa phantsi kweelwandle, iinkqubo zeentaba eziyinyani zenziwa phantsi kolwandle. Ezona ntaba zinkulu ziphantsi kwamanzi ehlabathini ubude beekhilomitha ezingama-60.000. Iindonga zolwandle zahlulwe zizitya zolwandle.
Imvelaphi yayo inikwa kukuhamba kwamacwecwe etektoni enza uqweqwe lomhlaba. Izidumbu eziqokelelwa kuludwe lweentaba zangaphantsi kolwandle ubuncinci ziphindwe kalishumi kunezo zakwilizwekazi. Oku kuphakamisa ithiyori ye-geosyncline. Le yithiyori ethi ilizwekazi likhula ngokukhula ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kunye nokuqina okukhulu okuvela kwii-geosyncline zakudala nezisongiweyo. Ixesha elingaphezulu ziye zanzima zaza zadityaniswa zaba ziipleyiti zangoku.
Ulwakhiwo lwedorsal
Uninzi lwezi ntaba zingaphantsi kwamanzi zinokufikelela ulinganise phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-3000 yeemitha ukuphakama. Ngokubanzi banoncedo oluxineneyo, olunamathambeka abanzi kunye neencam ezibhengeziweyo. Xa ezi miqolo zinomsele onzulu kuthiwa ukucanda intlambo okanye isiqwenga. Iinyikima ezininzi ezinqabileyo kunye nokuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo kwenzeka kwimida apho kukhutshwa khona isixa esikhulu se-basalt.
Iziseko zangaphantsi zenza ubume bolwandle lonke. Kumacala omqolo, ubukhulu be-volcanic crust kunye nobukhulu bezinto ezinyukayo ziyanda. Kukwakho neentaba-mlilo eziphantsi kwamanzi, kodwa zithe saa kwaye zililolo. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ubekhona.
Imijelo yemiqolo inokufuduswa ngamanye amaxesha ecaleni kwamacandelo abanzi ahambelana nendawo eziqhekekileyo. Xa sidibana nomda phakathi kwamacwecwe amabini, udaka olushushu nolunyibilikileyo lunyukela phezulu. Nje ukuba ifike, iyaphola kwaye yomelele ngelixa elona qhekeza lidala lizahlula kumacala omabini omqolo.
Oku kuhlala kuskrola. Ubungqina boku kukuba ukuhamba kweentaba zolwandle kuye kwalinganiswa kwezinye iindawo zeAtlantic. Ukufuduswa ukuya kuthi ga kwiisentimitha ezimbini ngonyaka kuye kwarekhodwa. Kwelinye icala, kwimpuma yePacific, imilinganiselo yokufuduka kunye idatha ye-14 cm ngonyaka ifunyenwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinqaba eziphakathi kolwandle azihambi ndawo ngesantya esifanayo. Utshintsho kumthamo ofakwe emanzini weerges ubangela utshintsho oluncinci kwinqanaba lolwandle kwisikali sejoloji. Xa sibhekisa kwisikali sejoloji, sithetha ngamawakawaka eminyaka.
Ukuntsokotha komqolo wolwandle
Kwii-ridges ze-ridges sinokufumana ukuqhekeka kwe-hydrothermal. Umphunga onomxholo ophezulu wezimbiwa uphuma kuwo kwaye uyenze kubushushu bama-350 degrees. Xa kufakwa iiminerali, benza njalo ngokwenza izakhiwo ezinje ngeekholamu ezinomxholo osisiseko yimixube yesinyithi yesulfide. Ezi sulfide ziyakwazi ukuxhasa iikholoni zezilwanyana eziqhelekileyo. Ezi zinto ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwendalo yaselwandle. Ndiyabulela kule nto, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi kuzinze ngakumbi.
Uqweqwe olutsha lwaselwandle oluveliswe kwimiqolo nenxalenye yengubo ephezulu yengubo ephezulu kunye ne-crust form ye-lithosphere Onke amaziko olwandle anda kunxweme olusembindini wolwandle. Ke ngoko, uninzi lweempawu ezifumaneka kwezi ndawo zahlukile.
Zizihloko zezifundo ezininzi. Ukuze wazi ngobunzulu ukwakheka kunye nokuvela kwemiphetho, kufundwa i-basaltic lavas. Ezi lavas zingcwatywa kancinci kancinci zizidalwa ezibekwe kuwo wonke umphezulu. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, ubushushu buhamba buqine ngaphakathi kweentaba kwihlabathi liphela.
Kuqhelekile ukuba iinyikima zenzeke ecaleni kwemiqolo kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, kwiimpazamo zenguqu. Ezi mpazamo zijoyina amacandelo emali yembuyekezo. Iinyikima ezenzeka kwezi ndawo zifundwa nzulu ukufumana ulwazi malunga nomhlaba ongaphakathi.
Ukusasazeka kweDorsal
Kwelinye icala, kukho ubudlelwane obomeleleyo phakathi kobunzulu obunomqolo wolwandle kunye nobudala bayo. Ngokubanzi, kubonisiwe ukuba ubunzulu bolwandle bulingana nengcambu yesikwere sexesha lobudala. Le ithiyori isekwe kubudlelwane phakathi kobudala kunye nokuncipha kobushushu kwi-oceanic crust.
Uninzi lokupholisa ukwenziwa kwamadolo olwandle kwenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-80 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, ubunzulu bolwandle yayingu-5 km kuphela. Okwangoku, yaziwa ngaphezulu kwe-10.000 yeemitha ubunzulu. Kungenxa yokuba oku kupholisa kungumsebenzi wobudala, ukusasazeka okucothayo kwemijelo, enje nge Mid Midtlantic Ridge, zincinci kunokwanda okukhawulezayo kweerges, ezinje nge East Pacific Ridge.
Ububanzi bomqolo bunokubalwa ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lokusasazeka. Zihlala zanda malunga ne-160 mm ngonyaka, engabalulekanga kumgangatho womntu. Nangona kunjalo, kwisikali sejoloji kuyabonakala. Amanani acothayo ngalawo Zisasazeka kancinci njenge-50 mm ngonyaka kwaye ezona zikhawulezayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-160 mm.
Ezo zandayo ngokuthe chu ziyekelele kwaye ezona zikhawulezayo azinazo. Ukuhamba kancinci ukusasaza imiphetho eqhekeziweyo inendawo engagungqiyo yokuma komhlaba emaphethelweni, ngelixa ukusasaza okukhawulezayo kunemiphetho egudileyo.
Njengoko ubona, umda wolwandle unzima ngakumbi kunokuba ubonakala. Amandla ayo achazwa ngumsebenzi womhlaba ohamba rhoqo.
Phole kakhulu!