Ngaphambili kwakucingwa ukuba zonke iiplanethi zijikeleza umhlaba. Le ngcamango yaziwa ngokuba yi-geocentrism. Kamva ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwafika UNicolaus Copernicus ukuhambisa ukuba yayilanga embindini wendalo iphela. Yayiyinxalenye ephambili apho ezinye iiplanethi neenkwenkwezi zajikeleza khona. Le ngcamango yaziwa ngokuba ubundlobongela.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga ne-heliocentrism, iimpawu zayo kunye nolwahluko ophambili nge-geocentrism.
Iimpawu ze-heliocentrism
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, inkolelo yelanga okanye yelanga eyacetyiswa nguNicolaus Copernicus yathatha ukuba ilanga liziko lendalo yonke, kwaye iiplanethi neenkwenkwezi zijikeleze lona endaweni yoMhlaba, njengoko bekucingwa ngenkulungwane yesibini ye-AD.
Phambi kokupapashwa nokusasazwa kweCopernicus's De Revolitionibus Orbium Coelestium (KwiRevolutions of the Celestial Orbs, 1543), eyona ithiyori yaziwayo neyamkelekileyo eYurophu yayiyingcamango yesazi ngeenkwenkwezi samaGrike uClaudius Ptolemy (kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ye-AD). U-Ptolemy wayixhasa imbono ka-Aristotle yokuba umhlaba usembindini wendalo iphela kwaye wenza umfuziselo wokucacisa ukuhamba-hamba kwelanga, iiplanethi neenkwenkwezi ezijikeleze umhlaba, eziveziweyo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Almagest, eyasasazwa ngama-Arabhu namaKrestu. Yayisasazwa ngokubanzi kwaye de kwaba yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Umbhali wokuqala ukuphakamisa ukuba ilanga liziko lendalo iphela yayinguAristarchus waseSamos (270 BC). Wayengcwele kwiThala leencwadi laseAlexandria. Uqikelele ubungakanani bomhlaba kunye nomgama phakathi komhlaba nelanga. Umgama. Kodwa le ngcamango yayingayi koyisa kuleyo yenziwa nguAristotle. Umhlaba wawuzinzile, ujikelezwe luthotho lwezinto apho ilanga, inyanga, iiplanethi kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi zafakwa khona. Le nkqubo kamva igqityiwe nguClaudius Ptolemy (145 AD), enye ingcwele evela kwiThala leencwadi laseAlexandria.
Kodwa kufuneka silinde de kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, nomsebenzi womfundisi wasePoland, isazi sezibalo kunye nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi uNicholas Copernicus, ngaphambi umhlaba unokutshintshwa lilanga kwaye ube sisazulu sendalo iphela. Ithiyori yelanga ibeka ilanga embindini wendalo iphela, kwaye uMhlaba, ezinye iiplanethi, kunye neenkwenkwezi zijikeleza kuwo. ICopernicus ikwacinga ukuba umhlaba uneendidi ezintathu zokuhamba: ukujikeleza ilanga, ukujikeleza, kunye nokuphambuka ujikeleze i-axis yalo. UCopernicus waseka ithiyori yakhe kuthethathethwano lwethiyori nakuluhlu lweetafile kunye nokubala ukuqikelela ukuhamba kweenkwenkwezi.
Kule ncwadi ikhankanywe ngasentla, uCopernicus wachaza oku kulandelayo malunga ne-heliocentrism:
“Zonke izigaba zijikeleza iLanga, eliphakathi kwazo zonke […] nayiphi na intshukumo ebonakala ngathi iyenzeka kummandla weenkwenkwezi ezisisigxina ayenzeki ngenxa yayo nayiphi na intshukumo yamva, kodwa kunoko yintshukumo Umhlaba ".
Incinci ibhayografi kaCopernicus
UNicolás Copernicus wazalelwa kwintsapho esisityebi enomsebenzi ophambili kushishino. Nangona kunjalo, wayeyinkedama eneminyaka eyi-10. Ejongene nesizungu, umalume wakhe wamkhathalela. Impembelelo katatomncinci wakhe wanceda uCopernicus ukuba afumane inkqubela phambili enkulu kwinkcubeko kwaye iphinde yavuselela umdla wabantu wokufuna ukwazi malunga nendalo.
Ngo-1491 wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseKrakow phantsi kolawulo lukayisekazi. Kukholelwa ukuba ukuba uCopernicus wayengakhange abe yinkedama, uCopernicus ngekhe abengusomashishini njengentsapho yakhe. Sele kwinqanaba eliphezulu eyunivesithi, waqhubeka ukuya Bologna ukugqiba uqeqesho. Waye waya kwizifundo zomthetho we-canon kwaye wafumana isikhokelo kubuntu base-Itali. Zonke iintshukumo zenkcubeko zelo xesha zazinefuthe eligqibeleleyo ekuphembeleleni kwakhe ukuba aphuhlise ithiyori yelitha ekhokelela kuguquko.
Umalume wakhe wasweleka ngo-1512. UCopernicus uqhubeke nokusebenza ecaweni. Kwakukho ngo-1507 xa wayecacisa inkcazo yakhe yokuqala ye-heliocentric theory. Ngokwahlukileyo koko kwakucingwa ukuba uMhlaba sisazulu seNdalo iphela kwaye zonke iiplanethi, kubandakanya iLanga, zijikelezile, ngokuchaseneyo kwavezwa. Kodwa umsebenzi ekugqibeleni wenza ukuba ithiyori yakhe yaziwe, kwiiNguqulelo zeCelestial Orbs, yapapashwa ngo-1543, kwangalo nyaka wasweleka uCopernicus ngesifo.
I-Heliocentrism kunye ne-geocentrism
Kulethiyori, kwaqwalaselwa ukuba ilanga laba liziko lenkqubo yelanga kwaye umhlaba ulijikeleza. Ngokwesiseko sale ithiyori yelanga, bonke abo bafunda ngeenkwenkwezi baqala ukuvelisa kunye nokusasaza inani elikhulu leekopi ezibhalwe ngesandla zesicwangciso. Ngenxa yale ithiyori, uNicholas Copernicus uthathwa njengesazi ngeenkwenkwezi esimangalisayo. Lonke uphando lwakho kwindalo iphela kufuneka lusekwe kwithiyori yokuba iiplanethi zijikeleza ilanga.
Umsebenzi kaCopernicus wenziwe ukuba ucacise kwaye ukhusele ithiyori yelitha ngokunzulu. Akumangalisi ukuba ukuveza ithiyori eguqula zonke iinkolelo ezikhoyo malunga nendalo iphela, kufuneka ikhuselwe ngobungqina obunokuyiphikisa ithiyori.
Emsebenzini, sinokubona ukuba indalo iphela inesakhiwo esigqibeleleyo, apho zonke iintshukumo eziphambili ziyisetyhula, kuba kuphela kweentshukumo ezifanelekileyo kubume bemizimba yasezulwini. Kwithsisi yakhe, uninzi lwezinto eziphikisanayo zinokufunyanwa ngombono wendalo iphela ngaphambi kwale. Nangona umhlaba ungasekho embindini kwaye iiplanethi azisajikelezi kuwo, akukho nalinye iziko ekwabelwana ngalo zizo zonke izidalwa zasezulwini kwinkqubo yazo.
Kwelinye icala, ngaphambili i-geocentrism yayisebenza. Yimodeli eyenza indalo iphela ngokubhekisele kwindawo yoMhlaba. Phakathi kweengxelo ezisisiseko zalethiyori siyifumana:
- Umhlaba liziko lendalo iphela. Zizo zonke iiplanethi ezihambayo kuyo.
- Umhlaba yiplanethi esisigxina emajukujukwini.
- Yiplanethi ekhethekileyo neyodwa ukuba siyithelekisa nayo yonke eminye imizimba yasezulwini.. Kungenxa yokuba ayishukumi kwaye ineempawu ezizodwa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-heliocentrism kunye neempawu zayo.