Igama ngokwalo intaba-mlilo, ivela kwiVulcano yaseRoma, watsho uVulcanus. Wayengumntu ovela kwiintsomi zamaGrike ezazamkelwa ngamaRoma. U-Lava emva koko wayenxulumene nentsimbi ebomvu eshushu eyaxhuma kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngu-Hephaestus, uThixo womlilo kunye nesinyithi kwiintsomi zamaGrike. Into ababengenakuyiqonda abantu bamandulo yayikukuba kutheni bekhona, apho udaka luvela khona, kwaye yintoni enokubashiya bengenakuphumla, ukuba ayibikho kwiplanethi yethu kuphela.
Kutheni kukho iintaba-mlilo?
Amacandelo ahlukeneyo oMhlaba
Iintaba-mlilo (ezifanayo neenyikima) zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobume bangaphakathi beplanethi yethu. Umhlaba ungumbindi osembindini okwimeko eqinileyo ngokwemilinganiselo yenyikima eyi-1220km kwiradiyo. Umaleko ongaphandle wenucleus yinxalenye eqinileyo esisiqingatha efikelela kwi-3400km kwiradiyo. Ukusuka apho kuza ngengubo, apho lava ifunyanwa khona. Amacandelo amabini anokuhlukaniswa, ingubo esezantsi, isuka kwi-700km ubunzulu iye kwi-2885km, kwaye ephezulu, isuka kwi-700km ukuya kwi-crust, enobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-50km.
Nangona kunokubonakala kungenjalo ngenkangeleko, ixolo le Iplanethi yethu yenziwe ngamacwecwe amakhulu tectonic okanye iminxeba ye-lithospheric. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-crust ayihambelani ngokupheleleyo. Amacwecwe adada phezu kwengubo ye-basalt, apho lava ivela khona, kwaye le nto ibizwa ngokuba, kukuhamba kwelizwekazi.
Amacwecwe ahlukeneyo akhoyo, kunye nolwalathiso loxinzelelo abalufumanayo (Umthombo: Wikipedia)
Olu hlobo lokukhukulana luqulethe iifissure, kwaye zibonakala kakhulu kwinqanaba lolwandle. Uluhlu olukhulu lweentaba zeentaba-mlilo zinqumla emazantsi olwandle, ziziphakathi zolwandle. Ezi ntaba zinkulu zenziwa ziintaba-mlilo ezinkulu ezime njengentaba-mlilo. Ngapha kwezi fiss, amawaka amaninzi eekhilomitha ubude, Izinto zihlala zivela kwingubo. Le nto, ityibilika ngokwamabhanti amabini akude, kwaye iyaqhubeka ngokuvelisa ukuqhekeka komhlaba omtsha. Kukho iindawo apho izikhewu phakathi kwamacwecwe etektoni zikwiindawo ezisembindini, hayi elwandle, kwaye kulapho ke sinemvelaphi yeentaba-mlilo. Kwezona ndawo zincinci zomhlaba, apho kudibana khona iipleyiti zeetekonic.
Zivela njani iintaba-mlilo?
Uqweqwe, lona, luyatshatyalaliswa rhoqo kwiindawo ekuthiwa zezokuthimba. Njengoko besesiphawulile, iiplate zeetectonic "azincamathelwanga" ngokoqobo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho iindawo apho ezinye iipleyiti zitshona ngezantsi kwezinye kwaye zidityaniswe nengubo. Le mimandla yomanyano yamacwecwe inoxinzelelo olukhulu, olwenza ukuba babe ne ukungazinzi okukhulu kweenyikima, kukhokelela kwiinyikima nakwiintaba-mlilo.
ISan Andreas Fault, California, United States
Iinqanawa zasemanzini zezona ndawo zingazinzanga. Ngokungaqhelekanga, ezinye zeentaba-mlilo ezinobundlobongela ezifumaneka emazantsi olwandle, zinokuphakama ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Benza iziqithi zomsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo, umzekelo kwimeko ye-Iceland. Iindawo ezingazinzanga kakhulu ziindawo apho enye ipleyiti ikhwela kwenye, okanye naxa zigudla ecaleni phakathi kwazo, njengephutha elidumileyo laseSan Andrés eUnited States. Oku kuyaziwa kakhulu ngeliso lenyama, ngenxa yokuyekiswa okunzulu okubonisa emhlabeni. Ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wenyikima, izazinzulu ziqikelela inyikima enkulu kuloo ndawo, ibizwa ngegama lesidlaliso Inkulu.
Icandelo lentaba-mlilo
Umahluko wamalungu eentaba-mlilo
- Igumbi Magmatic: Iyahambelana nendawo engaphakathi kuqweqwe lomhlaba, apho ifunyanwa khona i-magma. Yilapho i-magma yakha phantsi koxinzelelo ngaphambi kokunyuka phezulu. Ihlala iphakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-10 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu.
- Iziko lomlilo: Umjelo ophuma kuwo umgqakhwe ophuma kuqhushumbo, udaka. Emva kogqabhuko-dubulo, ixutywe ngamatye abandayo, oko kukuthi, ngokuqiniswa kwemagma ebikhona.
- Ikhowuni yethabanqa: Yindlela eyakhiwe ngecone evelayo ejikeleze le crater. Yenziwe kukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezivelisiweyo nezikhutshiweyo.
- Ikhowuni yesibini yentaba-mlilo: Ukwenziwa kwitshimini encinci encedisayo apho kuphuma khona umagma.
- Umngxuma: Ngumngxuma ophuma kuwo umagma oya emhlabeni. Kuxhomekeka kwintaba-mlilo, ubungakanani bayo kunye neemilo ziya kwahluka kakhulu. Inokumiliselwa njengefaneli okanye ikhowuni eguqulweyo, kwaye ulinganise ukusuka kwiimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiikhilomitha.
- Amakhaya: Kukuqokelelwa kwe-lava ebonakalayo ebonakalayo evela kwi-magma ethi, xa sele ipholile ngaphezulu komlomo odubulayo, ungayifaka.
- Igiza: Zifana neentaba-mlilo ezincinci, kodwa zenziwe ngumphunga wamanzi abilayo. Kuqheleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezinjengeIceland.
- Iinkunkuma: Ingqele ebandayo ekhupha ikharbon diokside.
- Iifumaroles: Ukukhutshwa kweegesi ezivela kudaka lwentaba-mlilo.
- Ikhonkco: Ihambelana nendawo ebuthathaka kuqweqwe lomhlaba apho umagma ukwazile ukunyuka ukusuka kwigumbi ukuya kumphezulu.
- Solfataras: Ukukhupha umphunga wamanzi kunye nehydrogen sulfide.
- Iindidi zeVolcano
Iqondo lobushushu, uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, viscosity kunye nezinto ezichithwe kwimagma zonke zidibene zenza uhlobo lokuqhuma, intaba-mlilo. Kunye nenani leemveliso ezingazinzanga ezihamba nayo, sinako ukwahlula ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
IStrombolian Intaba-mlilo
Intaba-mlilo iParicutín, eMexico
Ivela xa kukho ukutshintshana kwezixhobo zokuqhuma. Benza i-cone ekhethiweyo ye-lava fluid kunye nezinto eziqinileyo. ILava iyamanzi, ikhupha iigesi ezininzi kunye nobundlobongela, kunye nokuqikelela kweebhombu, iililili kunye neeslags. Ngenxa yokuba iigesi zikhutshwa ngokulula, azivelisi uthuthu okanye ukutshiza. Nini lava iphuphuma ijikeleze imiphetho ye- i-crater, yehla emathambekeni nakwiimilambo, ngaphandle kokuhlala ixesha elide, eyenzeka kwiintaba-mlilo zaseHawaii.
Intaba-mlilo yaseHawaii
IKilauea, eyona ntaba-mlilo yaseHawaii idumileyo
NjengeStrombolian, I-lava iyamanzisa kakhulu. Ayinakho ukukhutshwa kwegesi okuqhubayo. Kule meko, xa udaka luphuphuma umphetho womngxuma, zihla ngokulula kumathambeka wentaba-mlilo Ukuhlala kwiindawo ezinkulu kunye nokuhamba imigama emide. Iintaba-mlilo zolu hlobo zinamathambeka athambileyo, kwaye xa ezinye iintsalela zodaka luphephethwa ngumoya zenza imisonto yekristale.
Intaba-mlilo yaseVulcanian
Intaba-mlilo yaseVulcanian
Igama elivela kwi-Vulcanus volcano, enee-cones ezinqabileyo ibonakaliswa ngumoya omkhulu weegesi. I-lava ekhutshiweyo ayisiyi fluid kakhulu kwaye iyadityaniswa ngokukhawuleza. Kolu hlobo lokuqhuma, uqhushumbo lomelele kakhulu kwaye lucola udaka. Ivelisa uthuthu oluninzi, ethi xa iphoswe emoyeni ikhatshwe zezinye iziqwenga zemathiriyeli. Imagma ekhutshelwa ngaphandle, lava, iyaqina ngokukhawuleza, kodwa iigesi ezikhutshiweyo ziyaqhekeka kwaye ziqhekeze umphezulu wayo. Oko kuyenza ibe rhabaxa kwaye ingalingani.
IPeleano Volcano
IMont Pelée, isiqithi saseMartinique, eFrance
Kolu hlobo lwentaba-mlilo, I-lava evela kuqhushumbo lwayo lubonakala ngokukodwa kwaye luyadibanisa ngokukhawuleza. Kuza kufakelwa ngokupheleleyo umngxuma, wenze uhlobo lwepython okanye inaliti. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo oluphezulu lweegesi ukungabinakho ukubaleka, kubangele ukuba a uqhushumbo olukhulu ukuphakamisa ipython okanye ukukrazula phezulu kwinduli.
Umzekelo wentaba-mlilo iPeleano ifumaneka kuqhushumbo olukhulu olwenzeka nge Meyi 8, 1902 kwiNtaba iPelée. Amandla angaqhelekanga egesi aqokelelwe kubushushu obuphezulu, axutywe nothuthu, atshabalalisa iindonga zaloo mlilo xa wawududula. Ichaphazele isixeko iSt. Pierre, kwisiqithi saseFrance iMartinique, esineengozi Amaxhoba angama-29.933 ngenxa yelifu lomlilo elaqala apho.
I-Phreatomagmatic Volcano
Isiqithi saseSytsey, eIceland. Ukuvela kuqhushumbo lwe-phreatic. Ifoto ngu-Erling Ólafsson
Iintaba-mlilo ze-Phreatomagmatic ziyafumaneka emanzini angekho nzulu, ebizwa ngokuba ngamanzi aphantsi kwe-International Hydrographic Organisation. Banedike ngaphakathi komngxunya wabo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha benza iiatoll, iziqithi zekorale yolwandle. Kumandla eentaba-mlilo kongezwa ukwanda komphunga wamanzi owawushushu msinya, wenza ugqabhuko olunobundlobongela ngokungaqhelekanga. Abaqhelekanga ukubonisa ukukhutshwa kwe-lava okanye ukuphuma kwamatye.
Intaba-mlilo yasePliniano
ITeide, iziQithi zeCanary, eSpain
Kolu hlobo lwentaba-mlilo, olwahlukileyo kuqhushumbo oluqhelekileyo lwentaba-mlilo, Uxinzelelo lweegesi lunamandla kakhulu, ukuvelisa uqhushululu. Ikwadala amafu omlilo athi, xa sele epholile, avelise imvula. Bangangcwaba izixeko.
Ukongeza, ikwabonakaliswe ngokutshintshana kokuqhuma kwe-pyroclastic kunye nokuqhambuka kokuhamba kwelava. Oku kubangela ukugqagqana koomaleko, okuvelisa ukuba ezi ntaba-mlilo zinemilinganiselo emikhulu kakhulu. Umzekelo olungileyo woku, sinayo kuTeide.
Ngoku ekubeni sibonile ukuba yintoni intaba-mlilo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba azikho kuphela kwiplanethi yethu. Le nto yenye yeeplanethi yethu yoMhlaba enazo ngokufanayo nezinye iiplanethi ezikwisijikelezi-langa nakwindalo iphela. Kuyo yonke loo magma iqulethwe ngolu suku lunye phantsi koxinzelelo iyaqhuma. Naphi na apho sijonga khona, sinokubona ukufana, kunye nomhlaba wethu, kwanathi. Kwaye "sonke sinentaba-mlilo ngaphakathi: sigcina izinto ezininzi kangangokuba, ngenye imini, sizikhupha zonke ngaxeshanye", uBenjamin Griss.
Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni mlilo esebenzayo Yintoni ephezulu?