Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nokwakheka komhlaba ekubizwa ngokuba kuko induli yamangqina. Zenziwe ngenxa yokhukuliseko lomhlaba kwaye zihlala zifumaneka kwiindawo ezithe tyaba. Ndithathe njengobungqina bokuhamba kwexesha lokubuyela umva kunye nokuvela kwethambeka okanye iqonga. Inempawu ezininzi ekufuneka ukuba uzazi njengoko ichaza kancinci malunga namandla e-crust yomhlaba.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni induli yamangqina, iimpawu zayo kunye nendlela ebaluleke ngayo kwijoloji.
Yintoni induli yamangqina
Yindlela yokwakheka komhlaba ngenxa yokukhukuliseka komhlaba kule minyaka idlulileyo. Sithetha ngomlinganiselo we Ixesha lejoloji ke ayinakuvavanywa kwinqanaba lomntu. Ingqina lesithathu yile ityhila ukuvela kokubheja okanye iqonga kumgangatho othe tyaba. Umphezulu iqulathe umaleko oxwesileyo wamatye athambileyo nanzima apho ukuvuthuza komoya okuqhubekekileyo kubangele ukhukuliseko oluguqule umhlaba.
Kwimihlaba ethambileyo yomhlaba, ukhukuliseko lomhlaba lwenzeka rhoqo. Imilambo ibangela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kwaye yenza iinduli ezahlukeneyo nolunye udidi. Ukuba ithafa liyakhukuliseka macala onke, yintoni eyaziwa njengenduli yamangqina. Ezi nduli zihlala kwezi ndawo iminyaka eliqela.
Yenziwa njani
Olu lwakhiwo lwejografi lukrolwe kukhukuliseko lomhlaba kwaye lubizwa ngokuba ligama lengqina kuba bubungqina bokwandiswa kwamandulo kweqonga elithe tyaba ebelizimele lodwa. Umahluko okhoyo okhoyo ngenxa yemilambo kunye nemiwonyo zezona ndawo zinzima kwaye zithambileyo zintlenge ngokunye. Ezi nduli zamangqina zinqunyulwe kukusinda kokhukuliseko lomhlaba olubonakaliswa yinxalenye ekhawulezileyo eyakhiwe lilitye eliqinileyo kwaye elinye icandelo elithambileyo lenziwe lilitye elithambileyo. Elona candelo linzima libizwa ngokuba yi-cornice kwaye elona lithambileyo libizwa ngokuba yithambeka.
Inja engqina inesimo se-convex concave kwaye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwinkcaso eyinxalenye yelitye eliqinileyo kunye nenxalenye yelitye elithambileyo eyinikayo. Xa ukhukuliseko lomhlaba oluveliswa yimilambo lusanda, onke amacala enza ukuba induli yamangqina ivele neencopho ezicaba. Ke ngoko, bangamangqina eqonga elalikho kuloo ndawo ikwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Olunye uncedo olushiyekileyo luluhlu lwezinto ezilukhuni kunye nezithambileyo ezilungiselelwe ngokuthe tye kwaye ukhukuliseko lomhlaba lukwazile ukukrola.
Ziphi iinduli zamangqina
Zixhaphake kakhulu kwizitya zokuhlambela zemilambo eyahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto zingafumaneka kwi Pilot, North Carolina, e Cerro de la Teta (Guajira Peninsula) kunye Dori Plateau (Burquina Faso). Kwilizwe lethu sinokuyifumana kwizithabazi ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngokudakumba komlambo i-Ebro nakwizitya zamatye ezisentabeni. EMadrid sineCerros de la Marañosa, eCerro de los Ángeles kunye neBuenavista, nakwiphondo lasePalencia, iCerro del Otero.
Siza kuchaza Iimpawu zeCerro de los Ángeles. Ime malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ukusuka eMadrid, kumasipala waseGetafe. Yiyo loo nto eyiqwalasele njengeziko lendawo yeIberia Peninsula. Ngesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokungabikho komlinganiso wesayensi owuxhasayo. Kwi esplanade encotsheni yale nduli yindumasi eyaziwayo kaNkskz. De los Apóstoles. Oku kuvumela ukuthandana ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine kwaye lilitye lesikhumbuzo eligcinwe kakuhle.
Kumathambeka ale nduli kukho imithi ye-Aleppo pine, amabala okudlala, ibala lebhola, iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nendawo yepikniki. Oku kwenza ukuba iCroro de los Ángeles ibe yindawo emnandi yabakhenkethi enxibelelana nendalo. Isiseko sayo ziimitha ezingama-610 kwaye sifikelela kubude beemitha ezingama-666. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu yinqanaba lokuqala le-verodex ye-geodeic. Kuhle kakhulu ukuba ukwazi ukubona zonke izimvo zeGetafe, iMadrid kunye neelali ezingqonge umasipala.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ezi nduli zamangqina zinokuhlelwa njengesiqithi sentaba. Olona phawu lwayo luphambili kukuba ligcinwe emva kokukhukuliseka komhlaba okonakalise ezinye izinto ezikufuphi. Ezi ntaba ziziqithi zigcinwe zikhuselwe kukhukuliseko lombulelo kwi-lithology enganyangekiyo. Ziluncedo kakhulu ekwenzeni izifundo zejoloji kuba kuphela kwazo ezisalele kolunye ulwakhiwo lwejoloji olwalugubungele ummandla ngaphambili. Ukwenza imephu yexesha yendlela umhlaba wonke oqhubele phambili ngayo emva kokukhukuliseka komhlaba, kubalulekile ukuba wazi imo morphology yesiqabu ngelo xesha. Enkosi kubukho bezi nduli zamangqina kunokwenzeka ukuba wazi.
Ezi nkqubo zokhukhuliseko kunye nentlenga ziqhelekile kwizinto zangaphandle zomhlaba wethu. Ezi nduli zamangqina zikwabonakaliswa ngokungqongwa ngamanzi, yiyo loo nto zikwindawo ezikufuphi nemilambo ekuphumeni elwandle. Ngokolunye uphononongo, ezi zinto zoncedo kufuneka zenziwe phakathi kwexesha eliphantsi eliphakathi kunye nelasezantsi Miocene.
Olu lwakhiwo aluhlali ligqunywe ngamabala abomvu kuba sele ekho kwi-Miocene sedimentation. Ukuba uhlangabezana nolunye ulwelo olubomvu, iyakuba kuphela kwiimitha zokuqala ezi-3 okanye ezi-4 zenduli.
Induli yamangqina kufuneka yahlulwe kwi-moors ubukhulu becala ngobukhulu. IiMoror zihlala zanda kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ziphezulu kakhulu. Umahluko ophambili kukuba iinduli zamangqina zizodwa kwaye zincinci kakhulu. Ukongeza, ipáramo ibandakanya i-ecosystem epheleleyo kunye nohlaza lwezihlahla. Oku kuyenza ukuba ihlelwe biogeografi njengendawo enamathafa ngenxa yohlobo lwayo lohlaza. Nangona kunjalo, induli yamangqina ayidweliswanga njengesixokelelwano sendalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nenduli yamangqina.