Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye sine amatye angenanto. Umphezulu weplanethi yethu uzele ngamatye kunye neendidi ezininzi zezimbiwa. Nangona kunjalo, amatye anegne athatha ukubaluleka okukhulu okoko umaleko ophezulu womhlaba ungama-95% abunjwe ngawo. Ezinye ziyaziwa kakhulu njengegranite kunye ne-obsidian, nangona kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye ongekhoyo owaziyo ngokuqinisekileyo.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela zonke iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi yamatye angenanto.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ikwabizwa ngokuba ngamatye e-magmatic kwaye ayenziwa xa ilitye elityhidiweyo ngohlobo lwe-magma luqala ukuphola. Kuxa ubungakanani be-magma buqala ukuphola apho izimbiwa ziqala ukudibanisa kwaye zibambe iinkcukacha zazo. IMagma inokupholiswa ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, sinokupholisa kumphezulu womhlaba okwenzeka ngenxa yempembelelo yeentaba-mlilo. Enye indlela yokupholisa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwi-lithosphere. I-lithosphere yindawo eqinileyo yomhlaba. Uninzi lwala matye lwenziwa phantsi komhlaba kwaye lubizwa ngokuba zii-plutonic igneous rock. Amatye apholileyo ngaphezulu aziwa njengamatye e-volcanic igneous.
Nangona ezi ntlobo zamatye zisenza ipesenti enkulu ephezulu kumntla womhlaba, zihlala zifunyanwa Amatye eMetamorphic kunye namatye e-sedimentary. Banokubaluleka okukhulu kwicandelo le-geology kunye neempawu zabo kunye nolwakhiwo kunceda ukuqonda isambatho somhlaba. Ukubunjwa kwengubo yomhlaba kunye nazo zonke izinto ezidlulileyo zeetekonic zisinceda siqonde ukubunjwa kunye neempawu zeplanethi yethu.
Ukuhlelwa kwamatye anegneous
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi izigaba ezikhoyo zamatye angenanto. Njengoko sele sibonile ngaphambili, zihlala zihlelwa ngokuthe ngqo kulwakhiwo lwazo. Ukuba ziye zaphola kwinxalenye ephezulu yomhlaba, zibizwa ngokuba ngamatye e-volcanic igneous kwelinye icala, ukuba zipholile ngaphakathi kwe-lithosphere zaziwa ngokuba ngamatye e-plutonic igneous. IiPlutonics zikwabizwa ngokuba ngamatye angena ngaphakathi kuba ayile ngaphakathi kwe-lithosphere. Nantsi i-magma epholileyo kwinkqubo ecotha kakhulu enika amatye aneekristal ezinkulu. Ezi kristali ziyabonakala ngokulula.
Amatye e-Plutonic igneous ahanjiswa emhlabeni ngokukhukuliseka okanye yi-tectonic deformation. Asimele silibale ukuba umphezulu womhlaba wenziwe ngamacwecwe eteknoloji ahambayo. Ukufuduka kuphantse kungahoywa ngabantu kodwa sithetha malunga nexesha lejoloji.Amasele asePlutonic abizwa ngokuba ziipluton kuba zinkulu ukungena kwemagma apho zenziwe khona. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba intliziyo yeentaba ezinkulu kakhulu zenziwa ngamatye angenayo.
Kwelinye icala, amatye aqhumayo okanye amatye entaba-mlilo ayenziwa xa i-magma ikhutshelwa ngaphandle komhlaba ipholile ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Uninzi lwala matye luveliswa ziziphumo zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo nokupholisa imagma ngesantya esiphezulu. Amakristali adalwe ngaphakathi kula matye amancinci kwaye akabonakali kangako kwiliso lomntu. Kolu hlobo lwamatye kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukubona ukwakheka kwemingxunya okanye imingxunya eshiywe ngamabhamu erhasi kwaye ayenziwa kwinkqubo yokuqinisa.
Ngaphandle kokwahlulwa okubini okukhulu sinabanye. Babizwa ngokuba ngamatye asePhilonia. La matye aphakathi komnye nomnye. Xa i-magma enkulu iye entloko kwaye iqinisa apha endleleni, yenza amatye ePhylonia.
Iindidi zamatye angenanto
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukileyo zamatye ngokungqinelana nokwakheka kwawo.
Ukudibanisa
Amatye egneous anezi zinto zilandelayo:
- Vitreous: yinto eqhelekileyo kumatye eentaba-mlilo. Obu bunjani benziwa ngokujulwa ngogonyamelo esibhakabhakeni nangokuchaphazeleka kukupholisa okukhawulezayo.
- I-Aphanitic: Ngamatye entaba-mlilo aneekristali ezincinane.
- Iingcali: Zenziwe ngamanani amakhulu e-magma asetyenziswe kancinci kwaye kubunzulu obukhulu.
- Iifomathi: Ngamatye anee-crystals ezinkulu embindini kunye nezincinci ngaphandle. Oku kungenxa yokungapholi okungalinganiyo. Indawo enamakristali amakhulu ipholile ngokuthe chu, ngelixa indawo engaphandle ineekristali ezincinci kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.
- I-Pyroclastic: ii-pyroclast ziveliswa kuqhushumbo lwentaba-mlilo. Azisoloko zinamakristali kwaye zenziwe ngamaqhekeza amatye.
- Pegmatitics: Zizo ezo zinengqolowa erhabaxa kakhulu kwaye zenziwe ngamakristali angaphezu kwesentimitha enye ubukhulu. Ziyakheka xa i-magma inexabiso elikhulu lamanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziguqukayo.
Ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye axhonyiweyo ngokuxhomekeke kubume bemichiza nganye kubo:
- Iimbali: Ngawo la matye enziwe kakhulu nge-silica esezantsi-ubuninzi kunye nemibala ekhanyayo. Siyabona ukuba indawo ezwekazini yenziwe ubukhulu becala zezi ntlobo zamatye kwaye ziqulathe malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zesilili ezimsulwa.
- Andesitic: ziqulathe ubuncinci i-25% yesilicates emnyama.
- Mafic: Olu hlobo lwerwala luhlala lutyebile kwii-silicates ezimnyama. Banobuninzi obuphezulu kunye nemibala emnyama kwaye bahlala bekwenza ulwandlekazi.
- I-Ultramafic: bane-90% yobume babo bumdaka obumnyama. Zihlala zingamatye anqabileyo okufumana kumphezulu womhlaba.
Phakathi kwemizekelo eyaziwayo yamatye anegneous sinegranite, lelona litye liqhelekileyo leplutonic. Olu hlaselo lukwangomnye wamatye eentaba-mlilo aziwa ngokubanzi ngenxa. Njengoko ubona, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye axhonyiweyo ngokuxhomekeke kubume bawo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga namatye anegne kunye neempawu zawo.