Kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi kunye nokubunjwa, kwiplanethi yethu kukho okwahlukileyo iintlobo zamatye. Namhlanje siza kuthetha amatye eentlenga. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zokwakheka komhlaba ezinokwaziwa, kukho ezi ntlobo zamatye zenza iipesenti ezingama-75 zomhlaba. Nangona le pesenti ibonakala ngathi iphezulu, zincinci kakhulu kwaye sizithelekisa namatye angenanto enza uninzi lomhlaba. Ingubo yonke yomhlaba nayo yenziwe ngamatye angenanto.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, imvelaphi kunye nokusekwa kwamatye e-sedimentary.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Babizwa ngolu hlobo kula matye abunjiweyo ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kwamasuntswana ahlukeneyo anobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwaye avela kwabanye anamatye. Onke amasuntswana akha eli litye abizwa ngokuba ziintlenga. Yilapho igama layo livela khona. Ezi ntlenga zihanjiswa zizinto zejoloji zangaphandle ezinje ngamanzi, umkhenkce nomoya. Izidalwa ezakha amatye eentlenga zithunyelwa ziiarhente ezahlukeneyo zejoloji ukuze zibekwe kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba zizitya zentlenga.
Ngethuba lokuthuthwa kweentlenge, amasuntswana amatye ayaphantsi iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezaziwa ngegama le-diagenesis. Ngeli gama sibhekisa kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwamatye. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba amatye e-sedimentary akhiwa elunxwemeni lwemilambo, ezantsi kweelwandle, amachibi, imilomo yemilambo kunye nemisinga okanye imiwonyo. Njengoko unokulindela, ukwenziwa kwamatye e-sedimentary kwenzeka ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeminyaka. Ke ngoko, ukuze ukwazi ukuhlalutya imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka kwamatye e-sedimentary, isikali se Ixesha lejoloji.
Ukuqulunqwa kwamatye e-sedimentary
Ukuze uhlalutye ukwakheka kolu hlobo lwamatye, kufuneka uqwalasele ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zangaphandle zejoloji. Enye yeenkqubo ezichaphazela kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamatye ngumoya. Iinkqubo ze-Geological kwinqanaba labo lokuqala linoxanduva lwemozulu kunye nokonakalisa amatye ebesele ekho. Isimo sezulu asiyonto ngaphandle kwenkqubo equlathe amatye okuqala aqhekeza amanye amaqhekeza amancinci. Kwelinye icala, ukhukuliseko aluyonto ngaphandle kokunxiba kwamatye kunye nokuqhekeka kwawo okulandelayo kube ngamasuntswana amancinci. Amasuntswana athi ziyakhukuliseka kwaye zigqityiwe zaziwa ngegama lekrasi okanye inkunkuma. Masingalibali ukuba amanzi ngabantu endibalandelayo abazibonakalisa ngemvula njengomoya.
Onke amaqhekeza amatye amancinci aveliswa yimozulu okanye ukhukuliseko ahanjiswa ziiarhente zangaphandle. Nje ukuba bahanjiswe kwindlela ebalulekileyo, zonke amasuntswana zifakwa kwizitya zokuhlalisa. Kuzo zonke ezi ngxelo, onke amasuntswana eentlenge aqokeleleka kancinci kancinci. Indlela esuka kwizibilini ukuya kwisitya ixhomekeke kubungakanani bayo. Ngamanye amagama, ezo ntlenga zincinci ziya kuba nomgama omde kakhulu ohanjiweyo kude kube kufakwe isigxina kwizitya zokuhlala. Kwelinye icala, uhlobo lokurhuqa kunye nothutho olukhoyo ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bezidumbu kufuneka nalo luthathelwe ingqalelo.
Nje ukuba bazinze kwizitya zokuhlala, baqala inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sedimentation. Kwaye kukuba le nkqubo iya kujongana nokusingqongileyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, ezesilwanyana kunye nezityalo, zinokufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwamatye e-sedimentary. Kule meko, sibhekisa kubukho beefosili. Amanye amatye e-sedimentary akhiwa ngoxinzelelo olwenziwe ziidrinks kwenye. Olu xinzelelo, ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeminyaka, lubangela inkqubo yokuqinisa isamente ukuba iphele isenza amatye entlenga.
Imeko yendalo yohlobo lwelizwekazi
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iindawo ezahlukeneyo zentlenga ezikhoyo kummandla welizwekazi kwaye ezithi zivelise ukwenziwa kwamatye entlenga. Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwala matye kunxibelelene nokusingqongileyo apho ziveliswa khona. Intlenga yentlabathi kunye nenkunkuma ixhomekeke kwimeko apho ifunyenwe khona kunye neempawu zazo zomzimba. Ukwahlulahlula ngokubanzi kuba kukho indawo ezininzi zokuhlala, kwilizwekazi kunye naselwandle.
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimeko ezahlukeneyo zelizwekazi:
- Umkhenkce: Yindawo apho intlenge yenzeka khona kwiidiphozithi ezishiyekileyo ngumkhenkce. Apha, ubutyobo buvela kwimozulu yoomatshini ematyeni ngotshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nenkqubo yokuqandisa kunye nokunyibilikisa. Iiklastikhi zineempawu ezi-angular kunye nokufumaneka okuncinci kwezinto eziphilayo. Iingqungquthela zihlala zibonakala zingagqitywanga.
- Iintlango: Le mimandla yentlenga ibangela ukuba izigaqa ezenziwa yimozulu yemitshini ukuze zikhethe amasuntswana kunye nokwakheka okunje ngeengqumba zentlabathi kuvela kwisanti emalunga ne-4 mm ubukhulu.
Amatye e-sedimentary yendawo yelizwekazi
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iimeko zelizwekazi ezinokuhlelwa ngokwenqanaba lokuhlanjwa kwamatye apha:
- Umtsalane weFluvial: Yimisinga yemilambo kunye nemilambo apho kukho utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwamathambeka. Zihlala zifumaneka emazantsi eentaba kunye neefosili zentsimbi ezimile okwe fan.
- Umlambo: imilambo ithwala zonke iingxangxasi ezivela kwimozulu yomatshini. Apha, ngesenzo samanzi sangoku, udongwe luvelisa amatye entlenga:
- I-Lacustrine kunye namanxweme: kwenzeka emazantsi amachibi kunye nemigxobhozo. Apha ubutyobo buqokelela kwaye benziwe ngezinto ezininzi eziphilayo.
- echibini: yindawo apho kufakwa khona iisanti kunye nobuhle obufika kumajelo olwandle.
- Deltaics: Zizo ezo zenziwe ngokudibanisa iimeko ezinobushushu kunye nokumanzi. Iliwa liveliswa kuzo zombini iziqwengana ezingqindilili nezilungileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo zamatye akhoyo ngoku axhomekeke kwimvelaphi yawo.