Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngolwandle olufumana eli gama kodwa lelo lichibi lamanzi amdaka. Imalunga nayo Ulwandle lweCaspian. Ulwandle lweCaspian ngumzimba wamanzi ojikelezwe ngokupheleleyo ngumhlaba kwaye ngaphandle kokungena ngqo elwandle okanye elwandle. Ke ngoko, ukuba silandela inkcazo enikezwe kwijoloji, licala hayi ulwandle. Inenqanaba elithile lobutyuwa kwaye yahlelwa njengelona likhulu le-inland echibini okanye i-endorheic basin emhlabeni. Kwangelo xesha, ithathwa njengolona lwandle lincinci emhlabeni.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ijiology kunye nomdla woLwandle lweCaspian.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Xa ujonga uLwandle lweCaspian okanye ichibi, kuya kufuneka ujonge imeko yezomthetho. Umzekelo, ukuba iyakuthathelwa ingqalelo lulwandle ngamazwe awumiselweyo, kwaye ubutyebi bendalo obukho kwiingxowa-mali zayo buya kuba yipropathi yonxweme lelizwe ngalinye. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba sithetha ngechibi, izibonelelo ezisezantsi ziya kwahlulwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamazwe arhabaxa.
Ulwandle lweCaspian lumi empuma yeeNtaba zeCaucasus kuxinzelelo olunzulu phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. Singama-28 eemitha ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Amazwe abarhangqileyo ajikeleze uLwandle lweCaspian yi-Iran, iAzerbaijan, iTurkmenistan, iRussia ne-Kazakhstan. Olu lwandle lwenziwe ngezitya ezi-3: embindini okanye embindini wasemantla kunye nebasin esemazantsi.
Isitya sokuqala sincinci esincinci kuba sigubungela nje ngaphezulu kwekota yendawo yonke yolwandle. Ikwayindawo encinci kakhulu esinokuyifumana kule ndawo. Isitya esiphakathi sinobunzulu obujikeleze i-190 yeemitha, evumela ubukho bezinto ezininzi zendalo, nangona obona bunzulu busezantsi. Isitya sokuhlambela esisezantsi sithatha i-2/3 yomthamo wamanzi opheleleyo kuLwandle lweCaspian.
Ububanzi obupheleleyo bolwandle bumndilili malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-230. Kwinqanaba elibanzi liyakwazi ukulinganisa iikhilomitha ezingama-435 kwaye ubude bayo bubude obumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-1030. Elona candelo linzulu yindawo apho umhlaba unyuka ngequbuliso kubunzulu beemitha ezili-1.025. Ummandla opheleleyo wolwandle yi-371000 yeekhilomitha zesikwere kunye nomthamo wamanzi we-78.200 cubic kilometres. Kunokuthiwa olu lwandle luqulathe ngaphezulu kwama-40% awo onke amanzi elizwekazi. Nangona ingenayo indawo ephuma elwandle, kwakungekho nxweme elondliwa yimilambo emininzi ehamba kuyo.
Phakathi kwemilambo ebaluleke kakhulu engena kolu lwandle sibonisa iUral, iTrerek, iAtrak kunye neKurá. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba lwaziwe njengolwandle kuba mininzi imilambo engena kulo.
Ukusekwa koLwandle lweCaspian
Amanzi olu lwandle anetyuwa kancinane, nangona esimalunga nesinye kwisithathu samanzi olwandle. Oku kungenxa yepesenteji yamanzi ephuphumayo ngenxa yokuba iphezulu kakhulu kwezinye iindawo.
Xa ububi obubizwa ngokuba yiParatetis babusenziwa malunga ne-5.5 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, yaphulukana nokunxibelelana kwayo nolwandle kwaye yahlukaniswa yodwa emva kokuhla kwenqanaba lamanzi nokuphakanyiswa koqweqwe lomhlaba olwenze iintaba ezikufuphi. Ezi ntaba yiCaucasus kunye ne-Elburz. Ekuqaleni kokusekwa koLwandle lweCaspian, lwakha isitya esinye kunye noLwandle oluMnyama kwaye lafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngexesha Paleocene. Kwakungelo xesha kanye ngeli xesha apho ukuphakama okukhulu kweentaba zaseCaucasus kwaba namava akhetha ukwahlulwa kwesitya sibe ngamalungu amabini ahlukeneyo. Oku kubangele ukuba uLwandle lweCaspian lubekelwe bucala ngokupheleleyo.
Indalo eyahlukeneyo kunye nosongelo loLwandle lweCaspian
Njengoko unokulindela, uLwandle lweCaspian luyinxalenye yexabiso elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo. Kuyo kukho iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingaphezu kwama-850 kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-500 zezityalo Ndiyabulela kwezi meko zokuyilwa zodwa, kuye kwabhengezwa ukuba malunga ne-400 yeendidi zezilwanyana zihlala kwaye ezinye ezininzi zihlala kumazantsi emilambo kunye nonxweme.
Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana esinokuzifumana kuLwandle lweCaspian zezi: itywina, sesinye sezona zilwanyana zibalaseleyo kuba azifumaneki kwenye indawo emhlabeni kuba ziludidi lwendalo. Sinenani elikhulu leentlanzi ezinje nge-perch, pike, herring, castle whitefish, sprat, bream kunye ne-sturgeon. I-sturgeon yenye yeentlanzi enika eyona mali ininzi kumazwe angqongileyo kuba i-roe yayo ikhonzwa njenge-caviar. Ukuloba kwe-sturgeon kolu lwandle lumele phantse ama-90% okubambisa umhlaba.
Ukuba siye kwicandelo elingaphantsi kwamanzi kwindalo esingqongileyo sinokubona ubukho beentlobo ngeentlobo zeemollusk kunye necrustaceans, kunye nezinye izirhubuluzi. Sifumana ufudo lwaseRussia, ufudo olumnyama, phakathi kwabanye. Ezinye iintaka zihlala kwindlwana ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kolwandle, ezinje nge I-Caspian gull, i-coot eqhelekileyo, i-swan eqhelekileyo, i-goose eqhelekileyo, i-mallard, i-whooper swan kunye ne-ukhozi, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngokubhekiselele kutyani, sifumana iintlobo ezithile zobulembu obomvu nobomdaka obufumaneka kubunzulu bolwandle nakwezinye iindawo zonxweme. Kwiindawo ezikufutshane nonxweme ezinye izityalo ze-xerophytic zikhula ngokukhula kakuhle. Ezinye zezi zityalo zilungelelaniswa nomhlaba owomileyo.
Iinkqubo
Njengoko bekulindelekile, olu lwandle lusongelwa yimisebenzi yoqoqosho lomntu. Isitya solwandle sinentaphane yeoyile kunye negesi yendalo. Obu butyebi bendalo yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwingingqi iphela. Ukuxhatshazwa kwemveliso kuye kwanda kule minyaka ingamashumi idlulileyo kuxhomekeke kwimfuno. Ngokudityaniswa nokuloba kwe-sturgeon banegalelo kuhlumo olukhulu loqoqosho olubangela ifuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Oku kungenxa yongcoliseko lwamanzi ngenxa yolwakhiwo lwamaqonga okutsala, iziqithi ezingezizo kunye nezinye izakhiwo eziyimfuneko ukuze zikwazi ukukhupha ezi zixhobo zendalo kwaye zikhuphe izinto eziyityhefu ngezolimo nangemfuyo.
Kukho izoyikiso eziqhubekayo zokuchitheka kweoyile. Kuba indalo yolwandle ivaliwe, uLwandle lweCaspian lusemngciphekweni kakhulu kungcoliseko.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga noLwandle lweCaspian.