Phakathi kwabafundi ababenegalelo elikhulu kwinzululwazi kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo esinazo Rutherford. Igama lakhe elipheleleyo ngu-Lord Ernest Rutherford kwaye wazalwa nge-30 ka-Agasti ka-1871. Wayengusosayensi wase-Bhritish kunye nosokhemesti owayenegalelo elikhulu kwilizwe lezenzululwazi. Wazalelwa eNelson, eNew Zealand. Elinye lamagalelo akhe abaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi yimodeli yeatom kaRutherford.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into odinga ukuyazi ngobomi bukaRutherford kunye nebhayiloji yakhe.
URutherford ngobomi bakhe
Wayengunyana kaMartha Thompson noJames Rutherford. Utata wayengumlimi waseScotland kunye nomatshini kwaye umama wakhe wayengutitshala wesiNgesi. Wayengowesine kubantakwabo abalishumi elinanye kwaye abazali bakhe babehlala befuna ukunika abantwana babo eyona mfundo ilungileyo. Esikolweni utitshala wayevuya kakhulu ngokujika abe ngumfundi okrelekrele. Oku kwamvumela uErnest Ndingangena kwikholeji yaseNelson. Yikholeji ene-cache enkulu yabantu abaninzi abanetalente. Uye wakwazi ukuphucula iimpawu zombhoxo ezamenza waduma kakhulu esikolweni sakhe.
Kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela wabekwa kwindawo yokuqala kuzo zonke izifundo kwaye wakwazi ukungena kwikholeji yaseCanterbury. Kamva eyunivesithi, wathabatha inxaxheba ezahlukeneyo Iiklabhu zenzululwazi kunye nokubonisa kodwa akazange ayityeshele indlela yakhe yombhoxo. Kwiminyaka kamva wazomeleza izifundo zakhe zemathematics ngenxa yemfundo yokufunda awayifumana kwiDyunivesithi yaseNew Zealand. Emva kwexesha wema ngaphandle ngenxa yokufuna ukwazi kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukusombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zemichiza kunye nezibalo. Ke ngoko, unokuba ngumfundi obalaseleyo eCambridge.
Uphando lokuqala
Uphando lokuqala lukaRutherford lwaqala ukubonisa ukuba isinyithi sinokubanjiswa ngemigangatho yamaza aphezulu. Iziphumo zakhe ezigqwesileyo zemfundo zamvumela ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye nophando iminyaka. Kwiilabhoratri zeCambridge Cavendish ukwazile ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe phantsi kolwalathiso lwe-electron uJoseph John Thompson. Izenzo zaqala ukwenziwa ukusuka ngonyaka we-1895.
Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe ayokwenza i-adventure yophando, wazibophelela kuMary Newton. Kwiminyaka eliqela kamva kwaye enkosi emsebenzini wakhe waqeshwa njengonjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseMcGill eMontreal. Oku kwakuseKhanada. Kwiminyaka kamva, ekubuyeni kwakhe e-United Kingdom, wajoyina iqela lokufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester. Kulapha apho waqalisa ukufundisa iiklasi zefiziks zovavanyo. Ekugqibeleni UThompson wehlile njengomlawuli welebhu yeCavendish kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge kwaye uRutherford wangena endaweni yakhe.
Elinye lawona mabinzana abalaseleyo kwesi sazinzulu ngala alandelayo:
"Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lufuna amanani, bekuya kuba yimfuneko ukwenza uvavanyo olungcono." UErnest Rutherford
Ukufumanisa kukaRutherford
Ngo-1896 i-radioactivity yayisele ifunyenwe kwaye oku kufunyanwa kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kule nzulu-lwazi. Ngesi sizathu, waqala ukuphanda kwaye aqhuba uphando ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokuzama ukufumanisa ezona zinto ziphambili kwimitha. Ucacisile ukuba amasuntswana e-alpha yi-helium nuclei kwaye wothusa wonke umntu kwisayensi ngokwenziwa kwethiyori yesakhiwo se-athomu. Kulapho imodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford ivela khona. Njengomvuzo, wonyulwa ukuba abe lilungu leRoyal Society ngo-1903 kwaye kamva waba ngumongameli.
Le modeli yeathom yachazwa ngo-1911 yaza kamva yaphoswa ngo UNiels Bohr. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi izikhokelo eziphambili zemodeli yeatom kaRutherford:
- Amasuntswana anexabiso elifanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwi-athomu zicwangciswe ngevolumu encinci ukuba siyayithelekisa nomthamo opheleleyo weathom.
- Phantse bonke ubunzima obunayo i-athomu bukule volumu incinci ichaziweyo. Ubunzima bangaphakathi babizwa ngokuba yi-nucleus.
- Iifowuni ezineentlawulo ezimbi zifumaneka zijikeleza zijikeleze i-nucleus.
- Ii-elektroni zijikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu xa zijikeleze i-nucleus kwaye zenza njalo kwiindlela ezijikelezayo. Ezi ndlela zokuhamba zabizwa ngokuba ziindlela. Kamva ndiza Zaziwa ngokuba ziiorbitals.
- Zombini ezi elektroni zazihlawuliswe kakubi kwaye i-nucleus ye-atom ehlawulweyo ihlala igcinwe kunye ngenxa yomtsalane wombane.
Konke oku kubonisiwe ngokuzama kwaye kwavunyelwa ukuba kusekwe ubungakanani be-extensions yokwenyani yenucleus yeatom. U-Ernest waqulunqa ithiyori malunga ne-radioactivity yendalo eyayinxulumene notshintsho olwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo lwezinto. Ukuba wayephila njengomdibanisi kwikhawuntara ye radiation ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe kwicandelo le-atomic physics. Ke, uyahlonitshwa njengomnye wootata boluqeqesho.
Ibhaso likaNobel kwiKhemistry
Igalelo kwinzululwazi laluncedo kakhulu kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Kuyenzeka ukuba kwenziwe izifundo ezahlukeneyo zokufumanisa inkwili ngokusebenzisa amaza esandi. Esi yayisisandulela sokuqala sophando, nangona yakugqitywa imbambano, ukuhanjiswa okungekuko kwezinto zamachiza kwenziwa ngokuqhushumisa iatom ye-nitrogen njenge-alpha particles. Yonke imisebenzi ephambili kaRutherford kusaxoxiswana ngayo nanamhlanje kumathala eencwadi nakwiiyunivesithi kwihlabathi liphela. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe zihambelana ne-radioactivity kunye ne-radiation evela kwizinto ezinemitha yeathom.
Ngombulelo kulwazi alufumene kuphando lwakhe malunga nokuchithwa kwezinto, wakwazi ukufumana iNobel Prize kwi-chemistry ngo-1908, ngaphambi kokushicilela imodeli yakhe ye-athomu. I-element 104 yetafile yexesha yabizwa ngokuba nguRutherfordium ngozuko lwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, siyazi ukuba akukho nto ingunaphakade kwaye, nangona le nzulu-lwazi yaqhubela phambili kakhulu kwisayensi, wasweleka nge-19 ka-Okthobha ka-1937 eCambridge, eNgilane. Amathambo akhe aswelekileyo axoxwa eWestminster Abbey kwaye apho aphumla ecaleni kwalawo Mnumzana uIsaac Newton kunye neNkosi uKelvin.
Njengoko ubona, zininzi izazinzulu eziye zanegalelo kumava kunye nolwazi kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi kwaye, xa zidibene, zisenza sazi ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolwazi olunje ungafunda ngakumbi nge-biography kunye nemisebenzi ka-Lord Ernest Rutherford.