Ngokuqinisekileyo wakhe wambona uNdikhoyo Imodeli ye-atom Bohr. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumanisa ukuba le sayensi yenzele inzululwazi, ngakumbi i-electromagnetism kunye ne-electrochemistry. Ngaphambili bekukho imodeli kaRutherford, eyayinenguqulelo kwaye iphumelele kakhulu, kodwa bekukho ukungqubana neminye imithetho yeathom efana neMaxwell neNewton.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga nemodeli ye-athomu ka-Bohr, kunye neenkcukacha zayo ukucacisa nakuphi na ukuthandabuza malunga nesihloko.
Iingxaki zanceda ukusombulula
Njengoko besitshilo ekuqaleni kwenqaku, le modeli yeatom yanceda ukusombulula ukungavisisani okuthile okukhoyo kunye neminye imithetho yeatom. Kwimodeli yangaphambili kaRutherford, kwafuneka sikwenzile ii-elektroni ezihamba ngombane ongalunganga wombane kwafuneka zikhuphe uhlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic. Oku kufanele ukuba kuzalisekiswe ngenxa yemithetho ye-electromagnetism phaya. Ukulahleka kwamandla kubangela ukuba ii-elektroni zincitshiswe kumjikelezo wazo zihamba zijikeleze iziko. Bathe bakufika kweli ziko bawa, bezingqubana nentloko.
Oku kuvelise ingxaki kwithiyori kuba ayinako ukuwa kunye nenucleus yeeathom, kodwa umkhondo wee-elektronon kwafuneka wahluke. Oku kusonjululwe ngemodeli yeathom kaBohr. Icacisa lonto ii-elektroni zijikeleza i-nucleus kwii-orbits ezithile ezivunyelwe kwaye ezinamandla athile. Amandla alingana nokuhlala rhoqo kukaPlanck.
Le mijelo siyikhankanyileyo apho ii-elektroni zihamba khona, zabizwa ngokuba ngamanqanaba ombane okanye amanqanaba amandla. Oko kukuthi, amandla anee-elektroni awafani rhoqo, kodwa ayalinganiswa. Amanqanaba e-Quantum ziindlela ezahlukeneyo apho ii-athomu zifunyenwe khona. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni ikweyiphi na indlela ejikelezayo nangaliphi na ixesha, iya kuba namandla angaphezulu okanye amancinci. Iindlela ezijikeleza kufutshane nenucleus yeathom zinamandla amakhulu. Kwelinye icala, ukumka kude kwi-nucleus amandla amancinci.
Imodeli yenqanaba lamandla
Le modeli ye-athomu ka-Bohr, eyayibonisa ukuba ii-elektronon zinokufumana okanye ziphulukane namandla ngokutsiba ukusuka kwenye i-orbit ukuya kwenye, zanceda ukusombulula ukuwa okucetyiswe ngumzekelo kaRutherford. Xa usuka kwinqanaba lamandla uye kwelinye, lifunxa okanye likhuphe imitha yombane. Oko kukuthi, xa utsibela kwinqanaba lamandla ahlawuliswe ngakumbi ukuya kwirhafu encinci, ukhupha amandla agqithisileyo. Kwelinye icala, xa isuka kwinqanaba lamandla asezantsi iye kweliphezulu, ifunxa imitha yombane.
Njengoko le modeli yeatom inguhlengahlengiso lwemodeli kaRutherford, iimpawu zentloko encinci encinci kunye nobukhulu beathom zigcinwa. Nangona imijikelezo yee-elektroni ingathi tyaba njengaleyo yeeplanethi, kunokuthiwa ezi elektroni zijikeleza ngeenxa zonke kwinucleus yazo ngendlela efanayo neeplanethi ezenza malunga nelanga.
Imigaqo ye-athomu ka-Bohr
Ngoku siza kuhlalutya imigaqo yale modeli yeatom. Imalunga nenkcazo eneenkcukacha zemodeli leyo kunye nokusebenza kwayo.
- Amasuntswana anexabiso elifanelekileyo Baxinene kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomthamo opheleleyo we-athomu.
- Iifowuni ezinentlawulo yombane engathandekiyo zezo zifunyanwa zijikeleza zijikeleze i-nucleus kumjikelezo wesetyhula yamandla.
- Kukho amanqanaba amandla emijikelezo ezihamba kuyo ii-elektron. Banobungakanani obumiselweyo, ke akukho bume buphakathi phakathi kweendlela. Bahamba nje ukusuka kwelinye nqanaba ukuya kwelinye.
- Amandla anayo i-orbit nganye anxulumene nobukhulu bayo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwe-orbit kuvela kwi-nucleus ye-athomu, ngakumbi amandla anayo.
- Amanqanaba ombane aneenombolo ezahlukeneyo zee-elektrononi. Amanqanaba asezantsi amandla, ii-elektroni ezimbalwa ziqulathe. Umzekelo, ukuba sikwinqanaba lokuqala, kuyakubakho ukuya kwii-electron ezimbini. Kwinqanaba 2, kunokubakho ukuya kwii-elektroni eziyi-8, njalo njalo.
- Xa ii-elektroni zisuka kwenye i-orbit ziye kwenye, zithatha okanye zikhulule amandla ombane we-electromagnetic. Ukuba uhamba ukusuka kwelinye inqanaba elinamandla ukuya kwelinye elingaphantsi, ukhupha amandla agqithisileyo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo.
Le modeli yayinoqhushululu kwaye izama ukunika uzinzo kwizinto ezinazo iimodeli zangaphambili. Ukukhutshwa okukodwa kunye nokufunxwa kwegesi kwacaciswa ngale modeli yeatom. Yayiyimodeli yokuqala eyazisa umxholo wokulinganisa okanye ubungakanani. Oku kwenza imodeli ye-athomu ka-Bohr imodeli esekwindla eliphakathi koomatshini bamandulo kunye ne-quantum mechanics. Nangona ikwanazo neentsilelo, yayiyimodeli eyandulelayo yoomatshini abalandelayo beSqurödinger kunye nezinye izazinzulu.
Izithintelo kunye neempazamo kwimodeli yeatom yeBohr
Njengoko besesitshilo, le modeli ineziphene kunye neempazamo ezithile. Okokuqala, ayichazi okanye inike izizathu zokuba kutheni ii-elektroni kufuneka zilinganiselwe kuphela kwiindlela ezithile. Ithatha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ii-elektroni zineradiyo kunye ne-orbit eyaziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva Umgaqo ka-Heisenberg wokungaqiniseki uyakuphikisa oku.
Nangona le modeli yeathom ikwazile ukubonisa indlela yokuziphatha kwee-elektroni kwiiathom zehydrojeni, ibingachani kangako xa kufikwa kwizinto ezinenani eliphezulu lee-elektroni. Yimodeli leyo unengxaki yokuchaza isiphumo sikaZeeman. Esi siphumo sinokubonwa xa imigca yokubonisa yahlulwe kubini okanye nangaphezulu kubukho bamandla ombane angaphandle kunye no-static.
Enye yeempazamo kunye nokusikelwa umda okukuyo le modeli kukuba ibonelela ngexabiso elingachanekanga kumandla we-angular womjikelo wobume bomhlaba. Zonke ezi mpazamo kunye nokusikelwa umda okukhankanyiweyo kwenza ukuba imodeli ye-athomu ka-Bohr yathatyathelwa indawo yithiyori emva kweminyaka.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngeli nqaku ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemodeli ye-athomu ka-Bohr kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwisayensi.