Emva kokwazana Imodeli yeathom kaThomson, ezijonga ii-elektroni ukuba zikwindawo entle ehlawulweyo, imodeli ephambili ngakumbi eyaziwa ngokuba Imodeli yeatom kaRutherford. Isazinzulu esilawula eli nyathelo litsha lenzululwazi yayingu-Ernest Rutherford. Wazalwa ngo-Agasti 20, 1871 kwaye wasweleka ngo-Okthobha 19, 1937. Ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe wenza igalelo elikhulu kwikhemistri nakwilizwe lezenzululwazi ngokubanzi.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga nemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford.
Uvavanyo lweGolide yamagqabi
Imodeli yakudala ka-thomson yathi ii-elektroni zikwindawo entle ehlawulweyo. Ngo-1909 u-Ernest Rutherford, ekhatshwa ngabancedisi ababini ogama lingu Geiger kunye no-Marsden, benza isifundo esasaziwa ngokuba luvavanyo lwe-Gold Leaf apho bangaqinisekisa khona Into eyaziwayo ka "Thomson pudding yevini" kaThomson yayingalunganga. Kwaye kukuba olu vavanyo lutsha lukwazile ukubonisa ukuba iathom inesakhiwo esinexabiso elihle. Olu vavanyo okanye lunokunceda ukuphinda umise izigqibo ezithile ezigqityiweyo ukuboniswa njengemodeli yeatom kaRutherford ngo-1911.
Uvavanyo olwaziwa ngokuba yiGold Leaf lwalungahlukanga, kodwa lwenziwa phakathi kuka-1909 no-1913 iilebhu zeFizikiki zeYunivesithi yaseManchester. Oluvavanyo belubaluleke kakhulu kuba izigqibo ezintsha zinokusekwa kwiziphumo zabo, ezikhokelele kwimodeli ye-athomu yotshintsho.
Oluvavanyo lwaluqulathe oku kulandelayo: iphepha elincinci legolide elinobunzima obuyi-100nm kwakufuneka ukuba lihlaselwe ngesixa esikhulu samasuntswana e-alpha. La masuntswana e-alpha ayenjalo kunye nee-ions. Oko kukuthi, ii-atom ezingenazo ii-elektroni, ke zazineeproton kunye nee-neutron kuphela. Ngokufumana i-neutron kunye neeproton, ityala elipheleleyo le-athomu lalilungile. Olu vavanyo ikakhulu lwalunenjongo yokuxhasa ukuba ingaba imodeli kaThomson ichanekile. Ukuba lo mzekelo wawulungile, amasuntswana e-alpha kwafuneka ukuba adlule kwii-athomu zegolide kumgca othe tye.
Ukufunda ukuphambuka okubangelwa ziingceba zealpha, ifluorescent zinc sulphide filter kwakufuneka ibekwe ijikeleze ifoyile yegolide entle. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo kukuba kuye kwaqapheleka ukuba amanye amasuntswana akwazi ukudlula kwii-athomu zegolide zelishiti kumgca othe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, amanye ala masuntswana e-alpha aphambukiswa kumkhombandlela ongacwangciswanga.
Izigqibo zovavanyo lweGolide yeLeaf
Ngenxa yeli nyani, bekungakwazeki ukungqinisisa ukuba ziqwalaselwe njani iimodeli zeatom zangaphambili. Kwaye kukuba ezi modeli zeatom zabonisa ukuba intlawulo elungileyo yahanjiswa ngokufanayo kwiiathom kwaye oku kuyakwenza kube lula ukuyiwela kuba intlawulo yayo ibingayi kuba namandla kangako kwinqanaba elithile.
Iziphumo zolu vavanyo lweGolide yeLeaf zazingalindelekanga kwaphela. Oku kwenza ukuba uRutherford acinge ukuba i-athomu ineziko elinentlawulo eyomeleleyo eyenziweyo xa yindidi ye-alpha zama ukuyidlulisa eyaliwe lolwakhiwo oluphambili. Ukuseka umthombo othembeke ngakumbi, amasuntswana athathelwa ingqalelo kubungakanani bezo zazibonakalisiwe kunye nezo zazingaboniswanga. Ndiyabulela kolu khetho lwee-particles, kuye kwabakho ukumisela ubungakanani be-nucleus xa kuthelekiswa nokuhamba kwee-elektroni eziyingqongileyo. Inokugqitywa into yokuba uninzi lwendawo yeathom ayinanto.
Kuyabonakala, ezinye iincindi ze-alpha zaphambukiswa ngefoyile yegolide. Abanye babo baphambukile kwii-engile ezincinci kakhulu. Oku kuncede ukugqiba ukuba intlawulo elungileyo kwi-athomu ayihanjiswanga ngokulinganayo. Oko kukuthi, intlawulo elungileyo ibekwe kwiathom ngendlela egxile kwivolumu encinci yendawo.
Ambalwa kakhulu amasuntswana e-alpha abuyela umva. Oku kunxaxha kubonisa ukuba amasuntswana alandelayo anokuphinda abuye. Ndiyabulela kuzo zonke ezi zinto zintsha, imodeli ye-atomic kaRutherford inokusekwa ngezimvo ezintsha.
Imodeli yeatom kaRutherford
Siza kufunda ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo ye-Rutherford's model:
- Amasuntswana anexabiso elifanelekileyo ngaphakathi kwi-athomu zicwangciswe ngevolumu encinci ukuba siyayithelekisa nomthamo opheleleyo weathom.
- Phantse bonke ubunzima obunayo i-athomu bukule volumu incinci ichaziweyo. Ubunzima bangaphakathi babizwa ngokuba yi-nucleus.
- Iifowuni ezineentlawulo ezimbi zifumaneka zijikeleza zijikeleze i-nucleus.
- Ii-elektroni zijikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu xa zijikeleze i-nucleus kwaye zenza njalo kwiindlela ezijikelezayo. Ezi ndlela zokuhamba zabizwa ngokuba ziindlela. Kamva ndiza Zaziwa ngokuba ziiorbitals.
- Zombini ezi elektroni zazihlawuliswe kakubi kwaye i-nucleus ye-atom ehlawulweyo ihlala igcinwe kunye ngenxa yomtsalane wombane.
Ukwamkelwa kunye nokusikelwa umda kwimodeli yeatom kaRutherford
Njengoko bekulindelekile, le modeli intsha inombono wepanorama entsha yeathom kwilizwe lezenzululwazi. Ndiyabulela kule modeli ye-athomu, uninzi lwenzululwazi kamva lwalunokufunda kwaye luchonge inani lee-elektroni ezinento nganye etafileni yamaxesha. Ukongeza, ukufumanisa izinto ezintsha kunokwenziwa ukunceda ukucacisa ukusebenza kweathom ngendlela elula.
Nangona kunjalo, le modeli inezithintelo kunye neebugs. Nangona ibiyinkqubela phambili kwilizwe le-physics, bebengengabo abagqibeleleyo okanye abangumzekelo ogqibeleleyo. Kwaye yile ngokwemithetho kaNewton kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemithetho kaMaxwell, le modeli ayinakucacisa izinto ezithile:
- Akakwazanga ukucacisa ukuba iintlawulo ezingalunganga zikwazile ukubamba njani kwi-nucleus. Ngokwe-tibia ye-elektroniki, iintlawulo ezilungileyo kufuneka ziphindaphindane.
- Enye into ephikisanayo yayijolise kwimithetho esisiseko ye-electrodynamics. Ukuba ii-elektroni ezinentlawulo elungileyo bezinokuqwalaselwa zijikeleze i-nucleus, kufuneka zikhuphe imitha ye-electromagnetic. Ngokukhupha le radiation, amandla ayasetyenziswa ukuze ii-elektronon ziwe kwi-nucleus. Ke ngoko, imodeli yeatom enesitayile ayinakuchaza uzinzo lweathom.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemodeli yeatom kaRutherford.