Kwinzululwazi bekukho oososayensi abaninzi abenze umahluko xa kufikwa ekwazini ukuba zisebenza njani izinto. Ulwazi ngamasuntswana, iiathom, kunye neeelectron lubonelele ngenkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi. Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku Imodeli yeathom kaThomson. Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuba yi-Raisin Pudding model.
Kule nqaku ungafunda yonke into enxulumene nemodeli yeatom kaThomson, zithini iimpawu zayo kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani inzululwazi.
Yintoni imodeli yeathom kaThomson?
Imodeli eyaphuhliswayo ngo-1904 kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwafunyanwa isuntswana lokuqala le-subatomic. Lowo wafunyaniswayo wayengusosayensi waseBritane uJoseph John Thomson. Le ndoda ikwazile ukufumanisa amasuntswana agwetywe kakubi ngokuzama ukusebenzisa iityhubhu zemitha ze-cathode ngo-1897.
Iziphumo zoku kufumanisa zazinkulu kakhulu kuba kwakungekho bungqina bokuba i-athomu inokuba nenucleus. Esi sazinzulu sisikhokelela ekubeni sicinge ukuba ii-elektroni zazintywiliselwe kuhlobo oluthile lwento enexabiso elifanelekileyo elichasene nentlawulo engeyiyo yee-elektrononi. Yiyo le nto eyenze ukuba iiathom zibenentlawulo engathathi cala.
Ukuwachaza ngendlela eqondakalayo kufana nokubeka ijeli kunye neerasentyisi ezidada ngaphakathi. Yiyo loo nto imodeli pudding ineediliya. Kule modeli, uThomson uthathe uxanduva lokufowuna ii-electron corpuscle kwaye wajonga ukuba zilungiswe ngendlela engacwangciswanga. Namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba bakwindidi ejikelezayo kwaye iringi nganye inezinga lamandla elahlukileyo. Xa i-electron iphelelwa ngamandla iya kwinqanaba eliphezulu, oko kukuthi, isuka kude kwi-nucleus ye-athomu.
Uvavanyo lwefoyile yegolide
Into awayecinga ngayo uThompson yayikukuba icandelo le-athomu lihlala lihleli ngokungapheliyo. Le modeli wayenzayo kwi-1904 yayingenamkelo ngokubanzi kwizifundo. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva uGiiger noMarsden bakwazi ukwenza ulingelo ngefoyile yegolide eyenza ukufunyanwa kukaThomson kungasebenzi. Kolu vavanyo badlula umqadi we-helium alpha amasuntswana ngefoyile yegolide. Iindidi ze-alfa azikho ngaphezu kweengonyama zento, oko kukuthi, i-nuclei engenazo ii-electron kwaye ke inexabiso elifanelekileyo.
Iziphumo zovavanyo yayikukuba le miqadi yayihlakazekile xa yayihamba ngefoyile yegolide. Ngale nto kungagqitywa ukuba bekufanele kubekho inyukliya enomthombo wentlawulo elungileyo eyayiphethe ngokuchaseneyo nebala lokukhanya. Kwelinye icala, kwimodeli ye-athomu kaThomson besinokuthi intlawulo elungileyo yasasazwa kunye noko kwakusithiwa yi-gelatin kwaye yayiqulathe ii-elektroni. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqadi we-ion ungadlula kwi-athomu yaloo modeli.
Xa okwahlukileyo kwaboniswa kulingo olulandelayo, le modeli inokungavunyelwa iatom.
Ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroni nako kwavela kwinxalenye yenye imodeli yeatom kodwa kwaDalton. Kwimodeli leyo, i-athomu yathathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ayinakubonwa ngokupheleleyo. Yiyo le eyenze ukuba uThomson acinge ngemodeli yakhe kaRaisin Pudding.
Iimpawu zemodeli yeathom kaThomson
Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili zale modeli sishwankathela oku kulandelayo:
- Iatom emelweyo yile modeli ifana nommandla onezinto ezihlawuliswe ngokufanelekileyo ngee-elektroni ezityholwa kakubi. Zombini ii-elektroni kunye nomcimbi ohlawuliswe ngokuqinisekileyo ukho ngaphakathi kwinqanaba.
- Iintlawulo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zinobukhulu obufanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke i-athomu ayihlawulwanga, kodwa ayithathi cala ngombane.
- Ukuze i-athomu ngokubanzi ibe nokuhlawulwa ngokungathathi hlangothi ii-elektronon zifuna ukuntywiliselwa kwinto enexabiso elifanelekileyo. Yile nto ikhankanyiweyo ngeerasintyisi njengenxalenye yee-elektronon kwaye yonke enye i-gelatin yinxalenye ehlawuliswayo.
- Nangona ingacaciswanga ngendlela ecacileyo, kunokugqitywa ukuba kule modeli inucleus yeatom yayingekho.
Xa uThomson wenza le modeli, wayishiya i-hypothesis yangaphambili malunga ne-athomu ye-nebular. Le hypothesis yayisekwe kwinto yokuba iiathom zazenziwe ngee-vortices ezingabonakaliyo. Ukuba sisazinzulu esiphumeleleyo wayefuna ukwenza eyakhe imodeli yeatom ngokusekwe kubungqina bovavanyo obabusaziwa ngexesha lakhe.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba le modeli yayingeyiyo ngokuchanekileyo, yayikwazi ukunceda ekubekeni iziseko ezizinzileyo ukuze iimodeli zamva zibe nokuphumelela ngakumbi. Ndiyabulela kule modeli, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelele kwizigqibo ezitsha kwaye yiyo le ndlela inzululwazi esiyaziyo namhlanje ephuhla ngakumbi nangakumbi.
Imida kunye neempazamo zemodeli yeathom kaThomson
Siza kuhlalutya ukuba yeyiphi imiba apho le modeli ingakhange iphumelele kwaye kutheni ingakwazi ukuqhubeka. Into yokuqala kukuba akakwazanga ukucacisa ukuba iintlawulo zigcinwa njani kwii-elektroni ezingaphakathi kwiatom. Engakwazi ukuyicacisa le nto, akakwazanga ukusombulula nantoni na malunga nozinzo lwe-athomu.
Kwithiyori yakhe akazange akhankanye nantoni malunga neathom enenucleus. Ngaba namhlanje siyazi ukuba i-athomu ibandakanya I-nucleus yenziwe ziiproton kunye nee-neutron kunye nee-elektrononi zijikeleza zijikeleze kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo amandla.
Iiprotoni kunye nee-neutron zazingekabikho. UThompson wazama ukuseka imodeli yakhe kwinkcazo ngezinto ezazingqinwe ngokwesayensi ngelo xesha. Xa uvavanyo lwefoyile yegolide luqinisekisiwe, lwalahlwa ngokukhawuleza. Kolu vavanyo kwaboniswa ukuba kufanele kubekho into ngaphakathi kwi-athomu eya kuyenza ibe nentlawulo elungileyo kunye nobunzima obukhulu. Oku sele kwaziwa njengeyona nucleus ye-athomu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemodeli yeathom kaThomson.