Ukusukela ukuba inzululwazi iphuhlile, umhlaba uvele ngokuxhumaxhuma kunye nemida. Ukuphuculwa kolwazi kwi-physics ye-quantum, i-chemistry, i-biology kunye nezinye izifundo kuye kwavumela umntu ukuba aphile ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunaleyo babenayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesazinzulu esiphawule ngaphambi nasemva kwaye saqala ukubakho kwithiyori yequantum. Imalunga ne UMax Planck.
Isazinzulu sanikezelwa ngeBhaso likaNobel kwaye sithathwa njengomyili omkhulu wethiyori eya kuthi ikhokelele kuphuhliso lwezenzululwazi kwihlabathi liphela. Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ukuxhaphaka kunye nembali kaMax Planck? Qhubeka ufunda kuba inomdla kwaye inomdla.
Wayengubani uMax Planck?
Igama lakhe elipheleleyo nguMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. Uyisazinzulu saseJamani ezelwe ngo-Epreli 23, 1858 eKiel. Wayengumphengululi omkhulu owayefunda kwiiyunivesithi zaseMunich naseBerlin apho waphuhlisa zonke izikhokelo zokunika ifiziksi yanamhlanje. Ngo-1885 waqeshwa njengoNjingalwazi weFizikiki kwiYunivesithi yaseKiel kwaye kamva ngo-1889 waya kwiYunivesithi yaseBerlin apho wayesebenza khona njengoNjingalwazi de kwangowe-1928.
Ngexesha lophando, wayehlalutya iimpawu zamandla kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo. Ukukhutshwa kokukhanya, iziphumo ezibonakalayo, ukusebenza kokuhamba kwamandla kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, njl. Ngo-1900 wakwazi ukuseka ukuhamba kwamandla. Kwaye kukuba amandla aphuma ngokwahlukeneyo, ayisiyokuhamba okuqhubekayo. Icandelo ngalinye lamandla liyaziwa njenge zingaphi. Kuvela kweli gama kwathiwa ithiyori ye-quantum.
Le ithiyori ye-quantum yaqala ukuphumelela kuluntu lwenzululwazi kunye nokuvumela inkcazo yeziganeko ezininzi ezazingaziwa kude kube lelo xesha. Kungelo xesha ke, ngokuqhubeka nophando, wakwazi ukufumana ukuhlala kwendalo iphela. Ukusukela ngoko siyazi njengeplanck rhoqo. Enkosi ngoku kufunyanwa, namhlanje sinako ukwazi okungakumbi ngokusebenza kwamandla kunye namawaka okubala aququzelelweyo, kuba le nto yinto engaguquguqukiyo.
Inkolelo yeQuantum
Ithiyori yeplanck ithi Amandla anayo i-quantum nganye alingana nobuninzi bemitha ephindaphindwayo ephindaphindwe rhoqo. Oko kukuthi, isibonisa iimpawu ezinamandla zomthamo ngamnye okanye icandelo ngalinye lokuhamba kwamandla. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu ukuze wazi ukusebenza kokuhamba kwamandla kwezixhobo kunye nemilinganiselo yamandla kwindalo.
Ukufumanisa kwakhe akuzange kuyitshitshise ithiyori yantlandlolo yokuba imitha ihamba ngamaza. Emva kwezifundo ezininzi ezalandelayo, oososayensi ngoku bacinga ukuba imitha ye-electromagnetic ihamba ngokudibanisa iipropathi zamaza kunye nalawo amasuntswana.
Njengamaxesha onke xa kuvela into entsha eyaphula yonke into esekwe (jonga Ithiyori yokuHamba kwelizwekazi) ekuqaleni iyaliwa luluntu lwenzululwazi. Iimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo nezingathandabuzekiyo kunye nobungqina ziyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba uthetha ngantoni. Ke ngoko, ukufumanisa okwenziwe nguPlanck kamva baqinisekiswa zizifundo zezinye izazinzulu. Ngombulelo kwezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo, i-physics yaqala ukusebenza kwicandelo elahluke ngokupheleleyo nelaphuhliswe ngakumbi. Le ntsimi ye-physics yaziwa ngokuba yi-quantum mechanics kwaye yiyo ebeka lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko lokufunda amandla e-athomu. Ukuba yonke into eseplanethi yethu yenziwe zii-atom kunye neemolekyuli, ukwazi amandla abo kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu.
1905 ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwezimvo zika-Albert Einstein kwimitha ye-electromagnetic radiation. Bobabini basebenzisana kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabo njenge-physicists abasebenza ukuguqula umhlaba.
UMax Planck noAlbert Einstein
Kuba uPlanck wayengakwazi ukuqhubela phambili kakhulu ekufumaneni kwakhe, yayisebenza njengesiseko sezinye izazinzulu ezinje ngo-Einstein ukuphuhlisa ngakumbi iithiyori. Ngo-1905, U-Einstein wapapasha ithiyori eyaziwa ngokuba sisiphumo sefoto ngokubala kukaPlanck nophando. Uye wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba amasuntswana afakwe ngombane ayakwazi ukufunxa nokukhupha amandla ngokulingana nobuninzi bokukhanya okanye imitha.
Le migaqo-siseko yayisiba yinto efanelekileyo kwilizwe le-physics de, ngo-1930, yayiziziseko eziqhelekileyo ze-physics entsha. Ngokufumanisa okwenziwe nguPlanck kwaye kwaguqula umhlaba wefiziksi, wazuza amabhaso amaninzi, phakathi kwawo ibhaso likaNobel kwiFizikiki. Waphumelela ngo-1918. Ngapha koko, ngo-1930, ukugqiba kwakhe umsebenzi wakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseBerlin, wonyulwa njengomongameli we-Kaiser William Society yokuqhubela phambili kweNzululwazi. Kamva yayibizwa ngokuba yiMax Planck Society.
Ngelo xesha iMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi yaqala kwaye uPlanck wangqubana noHitler ngokuchasene nolawulo lwamaNazi. Kumatyeli aliqela kuye kwafuneka ukuba abancengele ukuba abancede. Kwakudingeka ashiye umbutho ngo-1933 ukuze abe ngumongameli xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II iphelile.
Ukubandezeleka kunye nophuhliso
Ayisiyiyo yonke into uMax Planck awayenayo ebomini bakhe yayintle. Kwakufuneka ahlupheke kwaye ajongane neentlekele ezininzi. Eyokuqala yeyokuba, ngo-1909 eneminyaka engama-50 ubudala, wahlupheka ukusweleka komfazi wakhe emva kweminyaka engama-22 betshatile. Ushiye ngasemva oonyana ababini kunye namawele amabini. Omdala asweleke edabini elenzeka ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ngo-1916. Amantombazana amabini asweleke xa kuzalwa kwaye indlu yawo yatshatyalaliswa ngo-1944 ziibhombu.
Ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, ngokungathi ayonelanga, unyana omncinci wabandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nobomi bukaHitler kwaye wasweleka ngendlela eyoyikisayo ngo-1945. Kwafuneka ukuba aphile lonke usapho lwakhe de, kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini kunye nentombi yakhe. Ukusuka koku, bafudukela eGöttingen, apho wasweleka khona nge-4 ka-Okthobha ka-1947 eneminyaka engama-90 ubudala.
Ndiyathemba ukuba uyithandile le ngobomi bukaMax Planck.