Ukuba kukho into yokucinga malunga nokuba umntu unomdla okanye akunjalo, kufikelele enyangeni okanye, ubuncinci, ukushiya iplanethi yethu kwaye uhlala okwexeshana kwindawo engaphandle. Ukukhupha ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle kubalulekile kuluntu ngokubhekisele ekusebenzeni kweplanethi yethu kunye nehlabathi ISistema Solar kunye nendalo yonke. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuphela kukaJulayi 1960, iNASA yabhengeza ukuba iNkqubo yeApollo yasungulwa. Inkqubo ye- Imisebenzi ka-Apollo Bebesaziwa kwihlabathi liphela nangaphezulu ngaphambili, bekukho umnqweno omkhulu wolwazi malunga nendalo iphela ngabemi.
Kweli nqaku siza kushwankathela iimpawu ze-Apollo kunye nokubaluleka kwabo ekufumaneni inzululwazi.
Inkqubo yeApollo
Ekuqaleni kokudalwa kweNkqubo ka-Apollo, bekucingelwa kuphela ukuba iya kuba luhlobo lohambo lokufumana eyona ndawo iphambili enyangeni. Into ebaluleke kangaka, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukuba semngciphekweni akufuneki kuthathwe kancinci. Koko kukuthi, besithetha ngomntu onyathela kwenye indawo ebingeyo planethi yethu, kodwa inkwenkwezi yethu, inyanga. Ngale nto bekufuneka sizilungiselele ukuya kufumana indawo eyiyo ukuze ingabinangxaki.
Konke oku yayiyindlela yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kamva kwabakho uxinzelelo oluninzi kugqatso lwasemajukujukwini nokungakhathali kokuba umntu anyathele inyanga ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukhokelele kwinto yokuba imisebenzi ye-Apollo ibingajoliswanga ukuqinisekisa indawo efanelekileyo yokumisa, kodwa iprojekthi eqinisekileyo yokuba umntu anyathele inyanga okokuqala.
Ngaloo mizuzu, Umongameli wase-United States yayinguJohn F. Kennedy, imfazwe ebandayo yayisiba mbi ngenxa ye-USSR. Lo mongameli ibinguye owabhengeza kwihlabathi liphela ukuba umntu uzakufika enyangeni phambi kokuphela kweminyaka yama-60 kwaye uzakubuya ekhuselekile. Oku kubangele ukuba ii-Apollo mishini ziqale ukuba nomdla kwihlabathi liphela kwaye iindaba nganye zilandelwe ngehlombe.
I-Apollo 11, eyona mishini yaziwayo
Ngubani ongazange ave intsingiselo ye-Apollo 11 yentsomi? Kwakungenxa yemishini ethe ekugqibeleni yafika umntu enyangeni (nangona oku kubuzwa kakhulu namhlanje ukuba yayiyimontage epheleleyo). Yenzeka ngoJulayi 20, 1969, noRichard Nixon njengomongameli. Imishini ye-Apollo 11 yayiyeyokuhlala enyangeni ngoosomajukujuku ababini, uNeil Armstrong no-Edwin Buzz Aldrin. Elinye iqabane lakhe kwafuneka lihlale enqanaweni ligcina ujikelezo lomhlaba.
Indoda yokuqala ukunyathela inyanga kwaye, ke ngoko, yathatha konke okufanelekileyo kunye nokuthandwa kwayo, yayinguNeil Armstrong. Ke ngoko, ngokuqinisekileyo awuzange uve ngeqabane lakhe. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 babona kwiithelevishini zabo ukufika komntu enyangeni.
Inkqubo ye-Apollo yayingenayo le mishini kuphela, kodwa yayineqela lazo apho kwakungekho basebenzi. Le mishini ibikukuvavanya iimpazamo ezinokubakho okanye iingozi ezinokuthi zenzeke nje ukuba zikwindawo engaphandle. Kwakunemishini elishumi elinambini. Kwiimishini ezili-12 ezigqityiweyo, ezi-12 zazizokujikeleza uMhlaba, ezimbini zazizokujikeleza inyanga, enye imishini yayikhutshwa, enye imishini emi-3 yarhoxiswa ngezizathu zezoqoqosho kwaye i-3 yayo yakwazi ukuhlala enyangeni. Ke ngoko, bali-6 oosomajukujuku abakwazileyo ukuhamba kwisathelayithi yethu, inyanga. Oosomajukujuku abali-12 zezi: UNeil Armstrong, uEdwin Aldrin, uConrad Charles, uAlan Bean, uAlan Shepard, uEdgar Mitchell, uDavid Scott, uJames Irwin, uJohn Young, uCharles Duke, uCernan Gene noHarrison Schmitt.
Inzala kwimishini ka-Apollo
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ingqalelo kuluntu kulwazi nasekuhlolweni kwendalo iphela ibiyehla. Namhlanje abaninzi abantu abanolindelo malunga nokudibana okanye ukufumanisa iiplanethi ezintsha, iminyele emitsha, njl. Akukho nto yothusayo kwakhona. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwimishini ka-Apollo. Wayebonakala ukuba uphelelwe ngumdla ebantwini xa i-Apollo 13 mission yakwazi ukuphinda iqwalasele umhlaba. Yayikukubaleka kweNASA kwesixhenxe emajukujukwini kwaye okwesithathu ukuya emhlabeni.
Inqanawa, ephethwe nguJames Novell, uJohn L. "Jack" Swigert noFred W. Haise. yaziwa ngokuba "Houston, sinengxaki". Yaphuma ngo-Epreli 11, 1970, kwaye yaqala ngokudubula kwetanki yeoksijini. Esi yayisesokuqala kwiingxaki ezininzi ezazithunyiwe. Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi, i-Apollo 13 mission khange ifike enyangeni. Kwakudingeka ukuba alwe namandla amancinci abanalo, ukuphulukana nobushushu ekhitshini, kungabikho manzi aselwayo kunye nemfuno engxamisekileyo yokulungisa iinkqubo ezikhuphe i-CO2 kwimeko yenqanawa.
Okokugqibela, ngaphandle kwazo zonke iingxaki, u-Apollo 13 wakwazi ukuphinda emhlabeni kwakhona ngaphandle kwengxaki ezinkulu kwaye iHollywood ilisebenzise eli bali ukuze yenze enye yeefilimu ezaziwa kakhulu zala maxesha.
Ukuphela kwemishini ka-Apollo
Le nkqubo yaqhubeka de kwangoDisemba 1972, xa yapheliswayo. Iindleko zotyalo-mali kule nkqubo ejonge ukunyathela inyanga yayi- $ 20.443.600.000. Ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olukhulu olwenziwe kubasebenzi nakwitekhnoloji yokuphuhlisa, amava afunyenwe enyangeni awakhange asebenze ngokwaneleyo kwimishini yokuya enyangeni. "Ukuya enyangeni kuyabiza kwaye akunenzuzo kakhulu."
Ayisiyiyo kuphela eyaphazamiseka uApollo 13 kuphela kwenkqubo eyayineentsilelo. U-Apollo 1 wayengowokuqala kwimisebenzi ka-Apollo ukuba yenziwe. Umlilo obangelwe kolunye uvavanyo oludlulileyo ubangele ukuba kufe abasebenzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemisebenzi yeApollo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.