Nhasi tichataura nezvemumwe wevarume vakapa ruzivo rwakawanda kune sainzi. Ndezve Claudius Ptolemy. Iye murume aive nyanzvi yechiGreek nyeredzi, masvomhu uye geologist uye, kunyangwe paine ruzivo rwushoma kwazvo nezve hupenyu hwake, uyu musayendisiti akapona kusvika nanhasi. Hazvizivikanwe chaizvo kuti akaberekerwa kupi, kana musi upi. Hazvizivikanwewo kuti akafira kupi asi isu tinoziva mupiro wake mukuru.
Naizvozvo, isu tiri kuzotsaurira chinyorwa ichi kukuudza iwe hwese hwenyaya uye zviitwa zvaClaudio Ptolemy.
Nhoroondo yaClaudius Ptolemy
Kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe chaizvo kwakazvarwa Claudius Ptolemy, zvinofungidzirwa kuti yaive muEjipitori. Zvese zviitiko zvaro zvakaumbwa pakati mazuva ekucherechedza kwako kwekutanga iwe kwawakaita muna AD 127 Uku kucherechedzwa kwakaitwa mukati megore regumi nerimwe rekutonga kwaHadrian. Kune rimwe divi, chimwe chezvaakacherekedza zvichangoburwa ndezve AD 141. Mune bhuku renyeredzi akagamuchira gore rekutanga rekutonga kwaEmperor Antoninus Pius sezuva rekutariswa kweanoratidzira ese. Gore rino rezvinongedzo raive AD 138
Claudius Ptolemy anomiririra semumiriri wekupedzisira wezvese zvechiGiriki nyeredzi. Uye ndeyekuti chiitiko chayo chikuru chakagadziriswa mune mucherechedzi wetembere raSerapis muCanopus. Ichi chinotarisisa chaive pedyo neAlexandria. Basa hombe uye rakakurumbira raClaudius Ptolemy raakazozivikanwa kwazvo ndere Mathematical Syntax. Iri basa rakakamurwa kuita gumi nematanhatu mavhoriyamu akaverengerwa sebasa rakakura uye rakakura. Nenzira iyi, inogona kusiyaniswa kubva kune mamwe maunganidzwa ezvinyorwa zvekuongorora nyeredzi nevamwe vanyori. Kukosha kwaive nebasa rake kwaigona kuve kwakakosha mukufambira mberi kwesainzi.
Kuyemurwa kwakasimudzira basa rese raClaudius Ptolemy kwakaburitsa tsika yekureva nezvazvo uchishandisa izwi rechiGiriki rekuti megisté. Izwi iri rinoreva kukura uye kuwanda. Uku ndiko kwakange kuri kuitika kwebasa iro Caliph al-Mamun aive naro muchiArabic chizere chakadudzirwa muna 827. Zita real-Magisti sekureva kweshanduro kunobva kumusoro weAlmagest. Iri zita rakagamuchirwa muMiddle Ages kumadokero kubva kushanduro yekutanga kuita yeArabic vhezheni. Shanduro iyi yakaitwa muToledo muna 1175.
Zvinoitwa basa Kraudhiyo Ptolemy
Achishandisa dhata rese rakaunganidzwa nevakatangira, Claudius Ptolemy akagadzira system yepasi rose inomiririra nedanho repamusoro rekunyora zvese kufamba kunoonekwa kwezuva, mwedzi nemapuraneti mashanu anozivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Akanyanya kushandisa iyo data yakaunganidzwa naHipparchus sezvo ivo vakatarisa pane izvi. Akange achikwanisa kumisikidza mafambiro aya aine imwe nhanho yekunyatso kuonga nekuda kweiyo geometric zviwanikwa uye akaomarara masvomhu. Hwaro hwezivo iyi hwaive hwakavakirwa pane geocentric system. Mune ino system yaive Earth Earth isingazungunuke pakati pechadenga. Kubva pane izvi, zvinhu zvese zvekudenga, kusanganisira zuva, mwedzi, uye mamwe mapuraneti, anotenderera pasi redu.
Mapuraneti aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo aive Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, uye Saturn. Mune ino sisitimu pasi rakatora chinzvimbo chisina kumira zvakanaka zvine chekuita nechepakati pezvose zvakakomberedzwa pakatama mitumbi yese yekudenga. Iyi mitsara yechinzvimbo yaizivikanwa sedenderedzwa dzakasiyana. Mutumbi wekudenga chete waifamba nedenderedzwa raifamba nerunifomu kufamba raive zuva. Kune rimwe divi, mwedzi nemapuraneti akasara achifamba kuburikidza neimwe denderedzwa. Iyi denderedzwa yainzi epicycle. Pakati epicycle inotenderera pane yakasarudzika uye Zvinomutendera kuti atsanangurire Kraudhiyo Ptolemy zvisizvo zvese zvinoonekwa mukufamba kwemitumbi yekudenga.
Claudius Ptolemy's system
Sisitimu iyi yakakwanisa kupa dudziro yemafambiro ese epuraneti anoenderana zvakanaka nemisimboti yeAristotelian cosmology yaivepo panguva iyoyo. Yakarambawo iri yega yemhando kusvikira iyo Renaissance. Munguva yekuzvarwa patsva, paive nekunyatsojeka pakucherekedza mitumbi yekudenga uye pakanga paine rumwe ruzivo nekuda kwekuwongorora kwakawanda kwekuongorora nyeredzi. Ruzhinji rweruzivo nezve nyeredzi mune ino nguva yakaitwa pakupera kwenguva yepakati. Neruzivo urwu, zvakave zvakafanira kuunza akawanda epicycle matsva ayo akaita kuti zvese zvine chekuita neastronomy zvakanyanya kuomesa kunzwisisa.
Muchokwadi, iyo heliocentric modhi inoratidzwa ne Copernicus Iri raive iro basa rakatanga kunyangarika kwese nyeredzi yaClaudius Ptolemy sezvo yaive nehunhu hwakakura seimwe yeaya makuru masimba.
Asi zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti Kraudhiyo Ptolemy Akanga asiri iye chete nyanzvi yemuchadenga asiwo geographer. Akapihwa ruzivo rwake rwejogirafi, akakwanisa kushandisa simba rakakura nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo. Mubasa rake rema-8 rakadanwa Geography Hunyanzvi hwemasvomhu hwakarongedzwa kudhirowa mepu dzakasiyana nenzira dzehurongwa hwakasiyana-siyana. Iyo zvakare inounganidza yakazara muunganidzwa weanodiwa uye anoenderana enzvimbo enzvimbo pamwe nenzvimbo dzakasiyana pasi rose raizivikanwa.
Kujekesa iri basa, Claudius Ptolemy akagamuchira fungidziro yakaitwa naPosidonius nezvekutenderera kwePasi. Uku kufungidzira kwaive kwakaderera pane kukosha kwechokwadi uye kuwedzeredza kukura kwekondinendi yeEurasia mumabvazuva nekumadokero. Aya mamiriro akayambira Christopher Columbus kuti atange rwendo rwake, inova ndiyo yaive yekutsvaga America.
Mamwe mabasa
Imwe yemabasa aClaudio Ptolemy Iyo yakakamurwa kuita mashanu mavhoriyamu uye inozivikanwa nezita re Optics. Rakataurwa basa reiyo pane dzidziso yemagirazi uye pakuratidzira uye kuburitsa kwechiedza. Izvi zviitiko zvaive zvepanyama uye mhedzisiro yazvakaita pavari zvakatorwa mukutarisisa kwekuongorora kweredzi. Iye anonziwo ndiye munyori wechibvumirano chekuongorora nyeredzi chinonzi Tetrabiblos iyo yairatidza zvese hunhu uye zvimwe zvinyorwa uye kuti yaive yakakosha yakawanda yenzvimbo yayaive nayo muMiddle Ages.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo biography uye zviitwa zvaClaudio Ptolemy.