El quaternary nguva vane zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvegeological. Nhasi ticha tarisa pachikamu chekutanga chemwaka uno. Zvayo ndezve Pleistocene. Iyi geological kupatsanurwa yainyanya kuzivikanwa nekuva netembiricha yakaderera pasi rese uye kuoneka kwemhuka huru dzakadai senge mammoth. Kuti unzwisise zvizere zvese zvinorehwa nekudzidza kwechinguva kwechikamu chei geological, zvinoda kuti uzive nemazvo kuti chii nguva yegeological.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezvePleistocene.
Mhando huru
Ino nguva irinongedzo kubva kushanduko yemhando dzevanhu ichidzidzwa. Munguva yePleistocene Yaiva apo pakaonekwa madzitateguru ekutanga emurume wemazuva ano. Icho chimwe chedzidzo dzakanyanya kuongororwa dze geological uye iyo ine zvinyorwa zvefossil zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti ruzivo rwunowanikwa rwakakwana uye rwakavimbika.
Iyo Pleistocene yakatanga pamusoro Makore 2.6 mamirioni uye kupera pakupera kweyekupedzisira nguva yechando kwakaitika muna 10.000 BC Munguva ino hakuna kumbove nekufamba kukuru kwemakondinendi. Yakagara iri munzvimbo imwechete.
Sezvatakambotaura pakutanga kwechinyorwa, ichi chikamu chese geological chakaratidzirwa zvakanyanya nekuve netembiricha yakaderera pasi rese. Izvi zvakatungamira mukuteedzana kwemazaya echando umo tembiricha dzave kuwedzera uye kudzikira. Izvi zvinozivikanwa senguva dzekupindirana. Zvinenge Makumi matatu kubva muzana epasi rese anga akafukidzwa nechando nguva ino. Idzo nzvimbo dzaichengeta kune chando chichienderera mberi yaive matanda.
Kana iri mhuka, mhuka huru dzakadai semammoth, mastodon uye megatherium dzakararama kubwinya kwazvo. Idzi mhuka dzakanyanyisa kutonga pasi nekuda kwekukura. Paive zvakare nekuvandudzwa kwemadzitateguru emurume aripo vaive ivo Homo erectus, Homo habilis, uye Homo neanderthalensis.
Pleistocene geology
Pakati peichi chikamu pakange pasina yakawanda geological chiitiko. Iyo Continental Drift Zvinotaridza kuti zvichadzora pasi zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nguva dzakapfuura. Iwo chete matectonic mahwendefa akagadzwa nemakondinendi haana kuramba kufamba anopfuura makiromita zana kubva kune mumwe. Chaizvoizvo panguva ino makondinendi anga atove pachinzvimbo chakada kufanana neicho chatinacho nhasi.
Iwo glaciation aive akawandisa panguva ino, iyo ember yakasimbirira pamatanho akati wandei ekuwedzera kwekuderera kwetembiricha yepasi. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti matunhu akati wandei kumaodzanyemba afukidzwe zvizere nechando. Nekuda kweiyo glaciation, pamusoro pemakondinendi kwakakanganiswa neyakaipisisa maitiro. Izvi ndizvo zvinozivikanwa se glacier modelling.
Uyewo mwero wegungwa wakaderera zvakanyanya nemamita zana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwechando panguva yechando.
Pleistocene mamiriro ekunze
Pakati peiyi geological nhanho, chii chinozivikanwa se chando Age. Izvi zvakakanganisa sezvo panguva yePleistocene nhevedzano yechando yakaitika umo makanga muine nguva netembiricha dzaive dzakakwirira nharaunda uye dzimwe dzakaderera. Mamiriro ekunze mumamiriro ekunze akange achichinja-chinja mumwaka wese kunyangwe tembiricha havana kusimuka zvakanyanya sedzimwe nguva dzepasi geology.
Mamiriro ekunze angave ari kuenderera kweiyo yekutanga Pliocene nguva. Panguva ino, tembiricha yepasi yakadzikira zvakanyanya. Mitsetse yenyika yaive padyo nematanda yakaonekwa, uye panguva iyi Antarctica yakaramba yakafukidzwa nechando kubva kumativi ekuchamhembe emakondinendi eAmerica neEurope panguva yechando.
Pakati penzvimbo yese yePleistocene paive nemazana mana echando.
Maruva, mhuka uye nevanhu
Pakati peiyi nhanho, hupenyu hwaive hwakasiyana zvakanyanya kunyangwe paine miganho yemamiriro ekunze yaivepo nekuda kwemazaya echando. Munguva yePleistocene paive nezvakawanda mhando dzebiomes. Mumhando yega yega yebiome, zvirimwa zvinogona kunyatsoenderana nenzvimbo dzakanyanyisa kugadzirwa. Kumusoro kwenyika yekuchamhembe kwepasi mukati meArctic Circle ndipo panowana biome iyo yatinoziva nhasi setundra. Hunhu hukuru hweiyo tundra ndeyekuti zvirimwa zvidiki muhukuru, hapana miti yemashizha kana mikuru. Machena anowanda mumhando iyi yeecosystem.
Iyo taiga ndeimwezve biome yakaonekwa panguva yePleistocene. Iyo taiga inowanzo kuve yemafomu fomu kwavanotungamira coniferous miti uye dzimwe nguva inosvika pakakwirira. Sezvo ruzivo rwaburitswa kubva muzvakanyorwa zvezvisaririra, paive zvakare nekuvapo kwelende, huswe uye mamwe mafern mune aya mabiomes.
Mukati memakondinendi, tembiricha yakanga isiri yakaderera uye yaibvumidza mbesa hombe kukura idzo dzinogona kuumba masango makuru. Iko pano apo zvinomera zve thermophilic zvakatanga kubuda. Izvi zvinomera ndeavo ane zvigadziriso izvo zvave zvichidikanwa kuti vararame zvakanyanya mwero wetembiricha.
Panyaya yemhuka, mhuka dzakasimudza ndidzo dzaive dzakakurumbira boka. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakasarudzika zvemhuka iyi ndechekuti inozivikanwa se megafauna. Ndokunge, mhuka dzakakurisa dzaive hombe uye dzichinyatso kugona kutsigira tembiricha dzakadzika dzaivapo panguva iyoyo.
Uye zvakare, mamwe mapoka emhuka akaenderera nekuwedzera iwo akasiyana uye shanduko kuti aenderane nharaunda nyowani. Idzi mhuka ishiri, amphibian, uye zvinokambaira. Iyo mammoth ndiyo yaive inonakidza mhuka inoyevedza yenguva ino. Chitarisiko kana iwo aive akafanana chaizvo nenzou dzatinoziva nhasi. Vakanga vaine mazino akareba akapinza uye hunhu hwavo hukuru hwaive kupindika kwaivatarisa kumusoro. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yavachawanikwe uye tembiricha yavo, yaive yakafukidzwa neakawanda kana mashoma makushe uye vaive neyakajairika kudya tsika.
Kana zviri zvemunhu, mazhinji emadzitateguru erudzi rwe Homo sapiens asi iyi yakaonekawo. Hunhu hwayo hukuru hwaive hwekuti hwasvika pakukura kukuru kwehuropi.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezvePleistocene.