Mukati menguva yePaleozoic pane nhanhatu nhanhatu umo nguva yegeological yakakamurwa Munguva ye Nguva yePermian, iri pakati pe carboniferous and the Triassic hupenyu hwakafumurwa neshanduko huru. Iyo Zvipfuyo zvePermian yakanga iine protagonist yayo yekutanga dhizaini yezvipuka pamwe nekusiyana uye kuwedzera kwezvimwe zvipenyu zvakange zvatovepo. Nguva yePermian yakatora makore angangoita emamirioni makumi mana nemasere uye yaionekwa senge nguva yekushanduka kwepasi rose padanho rezvemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe nezve hunhu uye shanduko yemhuka yePermian.
Nguva yePermian
Kune vazhinji mazvikokota vanoramba vachiongorora iyi nguva sezvo huwandu hweruzivo rwakakosha rwunogona kuwanikwa. Kunyanya pakupera kwePermian ndeye kufarira kwesainzi kubvira payakapihwa chiitiko chine njodzi nekuparadza vanhu zvakanyanya pasirese. Maitiro ekutsakatika kwevanhu vakawanda aikosha kupfuura kutsakatika kwema dinosaurs mu cretaceous.
Nguva yekutsakatika yakazozivikanwa se "Kufa Kukuru" uye mairi Kupfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ezvisikwa zvese zvipenyu zvakanyangarika. Zvimwe chete zvipenyu zvakararama izvo zvakapa nzira kune dzimwe mhuka dzakakurumbira munhoroondo yepasi senge dinosaurs. Iyo yakazara nguva yePermian inofungidzirwa pamamirioni makumi mana emakore, kutanga makumi maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe emakore apfuura uye kupera makore mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu apfuura
Munguva iyi yenguva mamiriro ekunze aive akasiyana. Zvese pakutanga uye pakupera kwenguva ino, glaciation yaive neruzivo uye mamiriro ekunze muchikamu chayo chepakati chaive chakadziya uye chinyoro.
Kufa Kwakakura mumhuka dzePermian
Munguva iyi mamwe marudzi emhuka akasvika pakuona kusiyaniswa kukuru. Mune ino kesi, isu tinowana shanduko huru mumhuka dzinokambaira dzaionekwa senge mhuka. Uye ndezvekuti mune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvezvisaririra madzitateguru ezvezvino mammalia anogona kuwanikwa. Ndokunge, zvipuka zvemazuva ano zvinobva kune zvinokambaira.
Nekuremekedza iyo Great Kufa yakaita chimwe cheakakosha kutsakatika kwezviitiko zviitiko papasi rese. Zvakaitika mukati menguva iyi yatove kumagumo kwayo pakutanga kwekutanga kweiyo Triassic nguva. Uku ndiko kuparadza kwakanyanya kuparadza nyika yese yakambopfuura nako. Uye ndeyekuti makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana emarudzi ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakazadza nyika akaparara. Hazvizivikanwe zvizere kuti ndezvipi zvakakonzera kutsakatika kwevakawanda, asi kune dzimwe dzidziso dzinoedza kuratidza zvakaitika.
Pakati pedzidziso dzakanyanya kubatwa ndedze a chiitiko chakasimba chekuputika chakakonzera kudzinga huwandu hwakawanda hwe carbon dioxide mumhepo. Sekuziva kwedu, iyi carbon dioxide igreenhouse gasi ine kugona kuchengetedza kupisa. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda kabhoni dhayokisaidhi yakaburitswa mudenga yakakonzera kuwedzera muvhareji tembiricha tembiricha. Aya ndiwo maratidziro aakakonzera kusagadzikana kwemhepo padanho repasirese uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawanda zvaisakwanisa kuenderana nemamiriro ekunze.
Chimwe chirevo chikonzero chekuburitswa kwemahydrocarbon kubva pasi pegungwa uye kukanganisa kwemeteorite. Chero zvingave zvikonzero zvacho, chiitiko chakaipisisa chakakanganisa zvakanyanya mamiriro ese ezvakatipoteredza panguva iyoyo.
Zvipfuyo zvePermian
Munguva iyi, dzimwe mhando dzemhuka dzakatangira munguva dzakapfuura dzakachengetwa. Nekudaro, rakakosha boka remhuka nyowani senge ndidzo dzaive mhuka dzinokambaira. Idzi mhuka dzinoonekwa semadzitateguru ezvinyama zvazvino. Hupenyu hwakasiyana kwazvo hwakawanikwa mumakungwa.
Invertebrates
Pakati pezvisingaite zvinomira kubva kumhuka dzePermian, mamwe mapoka egungwa akadai echinoderms uye mollusks anotaurwa. Kutenda kuongororo dzakasiyana siyana dzesainzi, zvave zvichikwanisika kuwana zvinyorwa zvefossil zvebivalves uye gastropods, pamwe nemamwe brachiopods. Mukati meiyi boka uye zvisikwa zvegungwa, nhengo dzemucheto we poriferous panowanikwa masiponji anomira kunze. Idzi mhuka ndidzo dzakatangisa mizhinji yezvipingamupinyi.
Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti zhinji dzemhuka dzakatsakatika, chinyorwa chezvisaririra chakawanikwa mune izvo zvinopfuura zviuru zvina zvemarudzi zvakasarudzika. Chinhu chayo chakasiyana ndechekuti idzi mhuka dzaidzivirirwa nevhavha yecalcareous zvinhu. Kune rimwe divi, arthropods, kunyanya zvipembenene, yaive nehunhu hwakanaka seyakaitika nguva dzakapfuura. Panguva ino zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti saizi yezvipembenene yaive yakati rebei kupfuura nhasi. Mune iri boka remhuka, maodha matsva akati wandei akaonekwa, akadai seDiptera neColeoptera.
Vertebrates
Tichienderera mberi nekudzidza ma vertebrate, tinoona kuti ivowo vakave nekuwedzera kukuru uye kusiyanisa, zvese zviri mumatunhu epasi uye emumvura. Hove dzaive mhuka dzinomiririra nguva ino. Pano tinowana chondrichthyans senge shark uye bony hove. Imwe yeshark iyo yakatsakatika panguva yeCretaceous nguva yaive yatove kurarama panguva ino. Shark panguva iyoyo yakanga yakafanana zvikuru neshark yanhasi, kunyange isina kukura. Ivo vaigona chete kusvika 2 metres pakureba.
Isu tinoonawo iyo Orthacanthus. Imhando yehove iyo yakanyangarika. Nderake eboka reshark uye kuoneka kwaro kwanga kwakatosiyana. Muviri wacho wainge wakaita soweya uye uine mhando dzakasiyana dzemazino. Isuwo tine amphibians. Idzi mhuka dzakawana budiriro. Vakanga vari boka rakasiyana zvakasiyana uye vaigona kubva pamasentimita mashoma kusvika pamamita gumi.
Pakupedzisira, tinozviona zvinokambaira yaive mhuka dzakapa kusiyanisa kukuru. Pakati pezvinokambaira izvi tinowana machira ekurapa, aive boka remhuka dzinoonekwa semadzitateguru emhuka dzanhasi. Pakati pehunhu hwavo hwakasarudzika, takaona kuti vaiburitsa mazino akati wandei uye rimwe nerimwe rakashandisirwa mabasa akasiyana. Uye zvakare, vaive nemakumbo kana makumbo mana uye chikafu chavo chaive chakasiyana. Paive paine zvese zvinodya uye zvinomera zvinomera.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mhuka dzePermian