El Miocene Yaive imwe yeaya mairi akaumba iyo Nguva yeNeogene mukati me Nguva yeCenozoic. Ino inguva iyo shanduko huru yakaitika padanho remamiriro ekunze, zvipenyu uye orogenic. Mamiriro ekunze aive nekuchinja kwakasiyana siyana mune tembiricha uye izvi zvakakonzera budiriro yemamwe marudzi emhuka nezvirimwa izvo zvaigona kusiyanisa uye nekupararira munzvimbo dzakafara. Iyo Miocene fauna yaizivikanwa nekuve nemhuka dzakagara munzvimbo imwechete yezvisikwa uye zvimwe zvinogona kukura zvakanyanya.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe nezve zvese hunhu, shanduko uye marudzi emhuka dzeMiocene.
Mhando huru
Munguva yese iyi paive nekumwe kuchinja mukushisa kwepasi. Pakutanga kweMiocene takawana tembiricha dzakadzika kwazvo dzakasimuka zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva. Inenge pakati nepakati pemwaka, kwakanyanya kudziya tembiricha kwakasvikwa kune huwandu hukuru hwemiti uye mhuka mhuka kuti dzibudirire kukura.
Nyaya yezvipuka, shiri uye zvinokambaira uye amphibians ndiyo yaigona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya munguva yese iyi. Iyo inozivikanwa nekutenda kune yakakosha fossil rekodhi kuti kune zvienzaniso zvakagara pasi redu panguva iyoyo.
Iyo Miocene yaive nguva yakagara ingangoita angangoita mamirioni masere emakore apfuura uye akatanga angangoita makore makumi maviri nematatu apfuura. Munguva yese iyi yenguva yenguva iyo orogenic chiitiko chaive chakanyanya kwazvo, zvichikonzera dzakasiyana makomo makomo kukura. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chaidzo papuratifomu iyi orogenic kukura yaive nemhedzisiro yakakosha. Imwe yadzo yaive messinian yemunyu.
Kutenda kune idzi orogenic shanduko uye kudziya kwakanyanya kwazvo pasi rese mazhinji emhuka, shiri, zvinokambaira uye amphibian zvinogona kuve zvakasiyana. Kune marekodhi ezvinyorwa zvezvakawanikwa kuti huwandu hukuru nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka dzakavepo panguva ino. Ese mafossil ane akasiyana saizi uye zvisaririra zvekudya. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvipfuwo raive boka remhuka dzakasangana nekukura kukuru uye kusiyanisa.
Flora
Tisati taenderera mberi nekuongorora mhuka dzeMiocene, isu tinofanirwa zvakare kutora maruva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenyaya yekuti chikamu chikuru chemhuka dzaivepo muMiocene dzaive mhuka dzinodyiwa nesora. Chikamu chakakura chemhuka idzi nezvirimwa zvakachengetedzwa nhasi, zvichiumba chikamu chakakosha chekusiyana kukuru kwezvisikwa.
Munguva yeMiocene yakaonekwa kuderera kukuru kwehukuru hwemasango nemasango. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwetembiricha yakaitika pakutanga pakutanga kwenguva. Chimwe chezvikonzero chikuru nei nzvimbo dzekudyara dzakaderedzwa kwaive nekuda kwekudzikira kwemvura kunaya pasi rese. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mhando zhinji dzezvirimwa dzaifanira kujairana nemamiriro ekunze ekunaya.
Nekuda kweizvi, zvinomera zvinomera uye izvo zvidiki muhukuru ndeavo vakatanga kutonga pasi. Izvi zvirimwa zvine hukuru hukuru hwekumira kwenguva yakareba yekusanaya uye chando. Munguva iyi angiosperms yakabudirira. Ndidzo mbeu dzine mbeu dzakafukidzwa.
Herbaceous ndeaya maruva ane madzinde asina huni. Iwo anochinja-chinja madzinde ane girini ruvara uye girini mashizha. Ivo vanowanikwa mumapoka uye vanonyatsopokana nekusanaya uye tembiricha yakaderera. Kune rimwe divi, isu tinowana iyo chaparral. Iyo chaparral imhando yebiome umo mune imwe mhando yehuswa inozivikanwa sechaparros inokura. Iyi miti mipfupi zvidiki zvine huni shrub izvo zvinokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro ekunyanyisa ezvakatipoteredza. Cacti nemakwenzi zvakagadzirwawo muhukuru hwakakura.
Miocene fauna
Munguva ino hazvirambike kuti boka remhuka dzemhuka dzeMiocene dzakasimukira zvakanyanya dzaive mhuka. Vakakwanisa kushandura zvese zvidiki zvipuka senge boka remakonzo, kuenda kumhuka huru dzakadai sedzimwe dzegungwa. Boka reshiri rakaonawo kukura kukuru muhuwandu uye kuwanda. Zvese izvi zvinozivikanwa nekutenda kune mafossil eemaenzaniso akawanikwa pasi rese.
Mhuka dzepanyika dzakawedzera mukati memhuka dzeMiocene ndedzinotevera:
- Gomphotherium (yakatsakatika): imhuka huru yakave nenzvimbo yayo munzvimbo dzeEurasia. Yakasvika pamamita matatu muhukuru uye imwe yehunhu hwayo ndeyekuti vaive nemaviri maviri ehurefu hwakaomarara uye husingagumi.
- Amphicyon: ndeimwe mhando yakanga yatsakatika nhasi. Chitarisiko chake chaive chemhuka pakati pembwa nebere. Iine muviri wakaumbana, yaive nemakumbo mana makobvu uye muswe murefu. Ivo vaigona kusvika mita pakureba uye maviri metres pakureba uye kuyera anopfuura mazana maviri kilos.
- Merychippo: nhasi mhuka iyi yatsakatika. Yakanga iri mhuka diki uye inozivikanwa nekuve neminwe mitatu panhengo imwe neimwe. Nyanzvi yekuyambuka migwagwa yakaunganidzwa mumapoka kuti ifure. Mukuonekwa kwanga kwakafanana nemabhiza anhasi nembizi.
- Astrapotherium: imwe mhuka yatsakatika nhasi. Yaive imwe yemhuka huru kwazvo, yairema kusvika toni uye ichiyera mamita matatu pakureba. Pakati pehunhu hwayo hukuru paive nemazino ayo airatidza kuti yaive mhuka. Ivo vaigona kufamba nemumachakwi uye yakaoma nzvimbo nekutenda kune mitezo mikuru.
- Megapedete: imwe mhando inova yehurongwa hwemakonzo. Saizi yayo yaive diki kwazvo kunyangwe yaisvika 3 kilos. Muviri wacho waive wakaita souya wetsuro uye waive nesimba rakasimba uye wakaita makumbo ekumashure. Kune rimwe divi, makumbo ayo epamberi aive akapfupika.
Sezvatakambotaura, zvipuka zvemumvura zvakare zvakasiyana zvakasiyana panguva ino. Muboka reshiri maive nemhando huru uye dzimwe dzakavandudza hunhu hwavo hwekurarama zvishoma. Kana zviri zvezvinokambaira uye amphibian, idzi dzinodya nyama dzinotyisa dzakakunda.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka dzeMiocene.