A duk cikin sanannun duniya muna da nau'ikan taurari da yawa. Daya daga cikinsu shine galaxy mai karkace. Itungiya ce mai girman gaske wacce take da tauraruwa masu kamannin diski waɗanda suke da hannaye masu juyawa kuma suna tuno da siffar injin ƙera injin iska. Yanayin hannaye ya banbanta ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma galibi ana rarrabe su a cikin duk cakudaddun cibiyoyin da kewayawa. Tunda kusan kashi 60% na sanannun damin taurari masu juzu'i ne, zamu mayar da hankali ga wannan labarin akan bayyana muku shi.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da galaxy mai karkace da halayenta.
Babban fasali
Kashi biyu bisa uku na taurari masu jujjuya suna da mashaya ta tsakiya wacce ta ƙunshi ɗayan ire-irenta da ake kira galaxy spiral galaxy. An kira shi kamar haka don iya banbanta su da masu sauki. Yana da tsaka-tsalle biyu kawai waɗanda suka fito daga mashaya da iska a cikin hanya ɗaya. Misalin wannan nau'in galaxy mai karkace shine Milky Way. Babban kumburin wannan nau'in galaxy shine launin ja saboda kasancewar taurari waɗanda suka girme. A gundumar galaxy akwai ƙaramin gas kuma galibi ana sanya ramin rami a tsakiya.
Faya-fayan da ke kunshe da hannayen damin galaxy suna da launi mai launi kuma suna da iskar gas da ƙura. Yawancin waɗannan makamai an ɗora su da matasa, taurari masu zafi waɗanda ke ci gaba da kewayawa a kusan hanyoyin madauwari. Amma game da karkace, akwai nau'ikan karkace daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya zuwa daga waɗanda ke kewaye da tsakiyar kuzarin zuwa waɗanda ke da makamai a fili. Yawancinsu sun yi fice don samun yawancin taurari matasa, shuɗi kuma tare da yanayin zafi mai zafi.
Har ila yau, muna da tauraron dan adam a sararin samaniya wanda yake kewaye da dukkan faifai gaba dayanshi wanda yake da karancin gas da kura. A cikin wannan dunƙulen haske ne tsoffin taurari waɗanda aka haɗu a cikin gungu na tauraruwar duniya. Wadannan duniyoyin taurarin duniyan nan ba komai bane face manyan rukuni na taurari wadanda suka kunshi biliyoyin taurari kuma suna tafiya cikin sauri.
Iri galaxy galai
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, akwai nau'ikan galaxy na karkace daban-daban dangane da yanayin hannaye da abubuwan da ke ciki. Don rarraba waɗannan taurarin bisa ga tsarin halittar su, cokali mai yatsu wanda aka ƙirƙira shi Edwin hubble. Wannan masaniyar daga baya wasu masanan taurari sun canza ta ta hanyar kara sabbin halaye da sabbin nau'ikan.
Hubble ya rubuta tauraron dan adam ta wannan hanyar: E don tauraron dan adam mai jan hankali, SO galaxies tare da siffar lenticular kuma tare da S don karkace. Yayinda bayanai kan wadannan nau'ikan taurari suka karu, an kara wasu nau'ikan, kamar su taurari masu karkacewa, wadanda suke tare da SB, da kuma gungun taurari wadanda siffofinsu ba sa bin tsari kuma ba masu tsari bane: Irr. Kusan kashi 90% na duk wasu damin taurari da aka hango suna da ƙarfi ko kuma karkace. Kashi 10% ne kawai ke cikin rukunin Irr.
Taurarin mu na tauraron dan adam, Wayyo Milky nau'ikan SBb ne. Rana tana cikin ɗayan hannayen karkacewar da aka sani da sunan Orion. Hanyar Orion ana kiranta saboda ana samun taurarin wannan tauraron. Taurarin taurari na Orion shine ɗayan mafi ban mamaki wanda za'a iya gani daga duniyarmu.
Asalin galaxy mai karkace
Asalin galaxy mai jujjuya ba a san tabbas ba, amma akwai wasu ra'ayoyi game da shi. Da farko dai, masana ilimin taurari sun lura cewa bangarori daban-daban wadanda suke hade da wani duniyan dunkulalliyar taurari suna juyawa da sauri daban-daban. Ana kiran wannan juyawa juyawa daban-daban kuma sifa ce ta musamman ta wannan nau'in galaxy. A cikin faifai masu juyawa suna juyawa fiye da waje fiye da sauri, yayin da a cikin yanki mai jujjuyawar haske ba sa juyawa. A saboda wannan dalili an yi tunanin cewa wannan shine dalilin da ya sa karkacewar ke bayyana. A halin yanzu, wannan ita ce shaidar kasancewar duhu al'amari.
Idan haka ne, karkacewar ta ɗan gajeren zango ne ta fuskar ilimin taurari. Kuma wannan shine cewa waɗannan karkacewar zasuyi kan kansu kuma zasu ƙare ɓacewa.
Bambance-bambance da galali na elliptical
Abu ne mai sauki ka gauraya karkataccen galaxy da galali mai jujjuyawa. Bambancin da yafi bayyane a tsakanin su shine cewa taurari a cikin tauraron dan adam (elliptical galaxy) an rarraba su sosai fiye da yadda yake a karkace. A cikin irin wannan damin tauraron dan adam, taurari sun fi bayyana a cikin jan faya-fayan ja kuma sun bazu a cikin sassan karkace. A gefe guda kuma, idan muka binciko yadda taurari ke rarrabawa a cikin duniyan duniyan nan, za mu ga cewa yana da siffar oval.
Wani fasalin da ke taimakawa wajen rarrabe nau'ikan galaxy guda biyu shine kasancewar ko rashin iskar gas da ƙura. Idan muka tafi cikin damin taurari mai haske zamu ga cewa mafi yawan al'amarin an canza shi zuwa taurari sabili da haka suna da ɗan iskar gas da ƙura. A cikin dunƙulen taurari muna da wuraren da gas da ƙura ke haifar da sabbin taurari. Wadannan yankuna sun fi yawa.
Wani fasalin da zamu iya dubawa don banbanta wadannan damin taurarin shine babban banbancin da ke akwai a cikin adadin taurari. Masu ilimin taurari suna rarrabe yawan taurari gwargwadon samari ko manya. Galaxies na elliptical suna dauke da tsoffin taurari da 'yan abubuwa da suka fi helium nauyi. A gefe guda kuma, idan muka binciko taurari masu juyawa za mu ga haka sun ƙunshi yawan taurari matasa da tsofaffin taurari. Koyaya, a ɓangaren diski da makamai ƙananan yara sun fi yawa kuma tare da babban ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Eta yana nufin cewa suna ƙunshe da mafi girman abubuwan nauyi da ragowar taurari waɗanda tuni sun ɓace. A gefe guda, a cikin yanayin haske shine taurari mafi tsufa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da dunƙulen galaxy da halayensa.