Saboda tsananin sanyi, da rashin hazo, da iska mai ƙarfi, Antarctica ita ce nahiya ɗaya tilo a duniya ba tare da ƴan ƙasa ba. Kasancewar nahiya ta hudu mafi girma a duniya, bayan Asiya, Amurka da Afirka, wannan wurin da ake so da yawa ke nema. Wani yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 14 yana jayayya da kasashe bakwai daban-daban, wanda kowannensu ke ikirarin mallakar wasu sassa na musamman. Wannan ya haifar da tambayar,Wadanne kasashe ne Antarctica yake?
Don haka, a cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku waɗanne ƙasashen Antarctica ne kuma waɗanne ne masu neman ci gaba da wannan yankin.
Ƙasashe masu yiwuwa waɗanda ke da'awar Antarctica
Kasashen dake makwabtaka da kasar sun hada da Argentina, Australia, Chile da New Zealand. Faransa da Norway da kuma Burtaniya sun tabbatar da ikon mallakar wasu yankuna na Antarctica, inda suka bayyana karara cewa kasashen Turai uku suna da'awar yanki a yankin.
A cikin 1904, Argentina ta zama majagaba wajen tabbatar da wanzuwar dindindin a yankin da kuma tabbatar da ikonta. Orcadas Base, wanda ke tsaye a matsayin tashar kimiyya mafi dadewa a cikin Antarctica, sakamakon wannan kokari na tarihi ne.
Ƙasar Kudancin Amirka ta ɗauki yankin a matsayin faɗaɗa lardinta na kudu, Tierra del Fuego, tare da haɗa tsibirin Falkland, Kudancin Jojiya da tsibirin Sandwich ta Kudu. A cikin 1908. Ƙasar Ingila ta yi ikirarin nata na Antarctic, wanda ya ƙunshi yankin da Argentina ta riga ta ɗauka, duk da cewa tsibiran na ƙarƙashin ikonta.
A cikin 1940, Chile ta tabbatar da nata da'awar yankin, tana mai cewa ya kasance mai ma'ana na fadada yankin da yake da shi. Yankin da aka fi sani da Antarctica na Chile, wanda ke cikin yankin Magallanes, wanda shi ne mafi kusa da yankuna 16 na Chile, yana da wani yanki tare da ƙasashen Antarctic da Argentina da Ingila ke da'awar.
Sauran iƙirarin samun ikon mallakar ƙasa sun samo asali ne daga mallakar yanki da mashahuran masu binciken Antarctic suka yi a farkon ƙarni na 1911. Da'awar Norway ta dogara ne akan balaguron da Roald Amundsen ya jagoranta, wanda ya sami gagarumar nasarar zama mutum na farko da ya isa yankin Kudancin Pole a XNUMX.
New Zealand da Ostiraliya sun kafa da'awar yankinsu a Antarctica akan nasarorin Antarctic na James Clark Ross, wanda, a madadin Daular Burtaniya, ya dasa tuta a yankunan da daga baya aka sanya su a karkashin ikon wadannan kasashe biyu na Birtaniya Crown, a 1923 da 1926, bi da bi.
Yankin Antarctic
A cikin yankin Antarctic, Faransa ta tabbatar da mallakarta a kan wani fili mai faɗi wanda kwamandan Jules Dumont D'Urville ya samo asali a cikin 1840. Wannan yanki, wanda aka fi sani da Adelia Land, an ba shi suna ne don girmama matar kwamandan. Musamman ma, wannan yanki ya kasance babu wata al'umma da ba ta da'awar.
Baya ga wadannan kalamai na sarki. Karin kasashe 35 da suka hada da Jamus da Brazil da China da Amurka da Indiya da Rasha sun kafa sansani na dindindin a wannan nahiya mai kyau.
Wadanne kasashe ne Antarctica?
Yankin da aka fi sani da Pole ta Kudu, wanda yake gida ne ga yankin Kudu Pole, a zahiri wuri ne da ba ya cikin wani takamaiman mahalli. Ya kasance ƙarƙashin gudanar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka sani da yarjejeniyar Antarctic tun 1961. Asali an sanya hannu a kan Disamba 1, 1959, wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙunshi ƙasashe bakwai masu da'awar ikon mallaka, tare da ƙarin ƙasashe biyar: Belgium, Amurka (inda aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar), Japan, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Rasha.
A tsakiyar yakin cacar baka, an kafa wannan yarjejeniya da nufin kaucewa tabarbarewar rikicin soji. Ya jaddada mahimmancin kiyaye Antarctica a matsayin mafakar lumana, ba tare da rikici ko takaddama na kasa da kasa ba. Yarjejeniyar ta kara da cewa, ya kamata a rika amfani da nahiyar a kodayaushe domin zaman lafiya, da tabbatar da jin dadin jama'a da zaman lafiya.
Godiya ga yarjejeniyar, An ƙare da'awar yanki na yanzu kuma wani muhimmin sakamako shine naɗin Antarctica a matsayin ajiyar kimiya ta duniya.
Bugu da kari, ya sanya dokar hana gwaje-gwajen nukiliya tare da takaita duk wani aiki da ya shafi sojoji, yana mai jaddada muhimmancin hadin gwiwa a cikin binciken kimiyya.
Bayan haka, yarjejeniyar ta ga hada da karin kasashe 42; Koyaya, 29 daga cikinsu ne kawai ke da ikon yanke shawara game da halin yanzu da makomar Antarctica., yayin da suke shiga rayayye a cikin "ayyukan bincike masu mahimmanci."
Ya zuwa yanzu, duk membobin wannan yarjejeniya sun dage gaba ɗaya don kiyaye haramcin duk wani ƙoƙarin da ba na kimiyya ba a Antarctica.
Dukiya da iko
Me ke jawo irin wannan gagarumin matakin sha'awar a nahiya da ke cike da ƙanƙara? Yawan albarkatun kasa na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga abin da ke karkashin kankara.
A cewar Matthew Teller, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan jarida wanda ya ba BBC labarin Antarctica sosai, masana ilimin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci sun mamaye manyan mukamai a sansanonin kimiyya na nahiyar farar fata, kuma akwai takamaiman dalili a bayan wannan..
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar Antarctic ta haramta hako mai da hako ma'adinai, har yanzu akwai sauran damar da za a binciko wadannan albarkatun don dalilai na kimiyya. A cewar Teller, alkalumman ƙwararru sun nuna cewa ƙasar Antarctic ana kyautata zaton tana ɗauke da kusan ganga biliyan 200 na mai.
Ya bayyana cewa ya zarce Kuwait ko Abu Dhabi nisa. Saboda duka hani na zahiri da tsadar hakar, yin amfani da waɗannan albarkatun ba wani zaɓi ne mai yuwuwa a halin yanzu.
Ba kamar Arctic ba, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi teku mai daskararre, Antarctica nahiya ce da ke da ƙanƙara a saman ƙasa mai duwatsu. Tushen kankara na Antarctic zai iya kaiwa zurfin zurfin kilomita hudu. Bugu da kari kuma, gina dandali na man fetur a tekun kusa da gabar tekun Antarctic, inda aka yi imanin akwai dimbin albarkatun mai da iskar gas, zai zama babban aiki mai tsadar gaske saboda daskarewar ruwa a lokacin hunturu.
Duk da wannan, Teller yayi kashedin cewa Halin tattalin arzikin duniya a cikin 2048, lokacin da lokaci ya yi don sabunta ƙa'idar da ke hana sa ido na Antarctic, ba shi da tabbas kuma ba za a iya yin hasashen daidai ba. A cewarsa, a irin wannan yanayi, duniyar da ba ta da kuzari za ta iya kaiwa wani hali na yanke kauna.
An san yankin Antarctic yana da tarin albarkatu masu yawa da suka haɗa da gawayi, gubar, baƙin ƙarfe, chromium, jan karfe, zinariya, nickel, platinum, uranium da azurfa, baya ga ma'adinan mai da iskar gas. Ana samun waɗannan albarkatu a cikin tsarin nahiyoyin yankin.
Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Antarctic ta tsara, krill da kamun kifi a cikin Tekun Kudu ana sarrafa su a hankali saboda yawan jama'a.
Ina fatan da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da ƙasashen da ke Antarctica kuma su waye ne ƙasashen da ke da'awar.