Menene Antarctica

Antarctica koyaushe za a san shi da nahiyar daskararre. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa ba su sani ba menene Antarctica kuma ku yi kuskure da sandar arewa. Suna rikita shi da sandar arewa domin suna da cewa ƙanƙara ce. Wannan ba haka yake ba. Antarctica nahiya ce ta ƙasa da glaciers ke rufewa saboda ƙarancin yanayin zafi a duk shekara.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku abin da Antarctica yake, menene halayensa da muhimmancinsa.

Menene Antarctica

Antarctica (ko Antarctica a wasu ƙasashe) ita ce nahiya ta huɗu mafi girma a duniya, da kuma nahiya ta kudu (kudanci). A haƙiƙa, cibiyar yankinta tana kan iyakar Kudancin Duniya. Yankinta kusan kusan (98%) ya rufe da ƙanƙara har zuwa 1,9 km lokacin farin ciki.

Tun da muna magana ne game da wuri mafi sanyi, bushewa da iska a duniya, rayuwa ta yau da kullun a Antarctica ba ta yiwuwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ba shi da yawan jama'a. Mabambantan ayyukan lura na kimiyya ne kawai ke cika ta (kimanin mutane 1.000 zuwa 5.000 a duk shekara) tare da sansanonin da ke cikin iyakokinta, gabaɗaya a kan Plateau Antarctic.

Bugu da kari, ita ce nahiyar da aka gano kwanan nan. Matukin jirgin ruwa na Sipaniya Gabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) ya fara ganinsa a lokacin rani na kudancin 1603. Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1895, lokacin da jirgin ruwan Norway na farko ya sauka a bakin teku a XNUMX.

A daya bangaren kuma, sunanta ya fito daga zamanin gargajiya: Masanin Falsafa na Girka Aristotle (384-322 BC) ya fara amfani da shi a kusan 350 BC. c. A cikin nazarin yanayin yanayi, ya sanya wa waɗannan yankuna suna "suna fuskantar arewa" (saboda haka sunansu daga antarktikós na Girka, "suna fuskantar Pole Arewa").

Babban fasali

Antarctica yana da halaye masu zuwa:

• Fannin nahiyar ya fi Oceania ko Turai girma, kuma ita ce nahiya ta hudu mafi girma a duniya, tana da yanki. jimlar murabba'in kilomita miliyan 14, wanda murabba'in kilomita 280.000 ne kawai ba sa samun kankara a lokacin rani da murabba'in kilomita 17.968. kilomita tare da bakin teku. .
• Babban rukuni na tsibiran sun zama wani yanki na yankinsa, mafi girma shine Alexander I (49.070 km²), Tsibirin Berkner (43.873 km²), Tsibirin Thurston (15.700 km²), da Cany Island (8.500 km²).
• Antarctica ba ta da yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar, babu jiha, kuma ba ta da rarrabuwa, kodayake ƙasashe bakwai daban-daban suna da'awar hakan: New Zealand, Australia, Faransa, Norway, Birtaniya, Argentina da Chile.
• Ƙasar Antarctic tana ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Antarctic, wanda ke aiki tun 1961, wanda ya haramta duk wani nau'i na kasancewar soja, hakar ma'adinai, bama-bamai da zubar da kayan aikin rediyo, da sauran matakan tallafawa bincike na kimiyya da kariyar ecoregion.
• Tana da ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi da yawa kamar Onyx (tsawon kilomita 32) ko tafkin Vostok (14.000 km2 a cikin yanki). Bugu da ƙari, wannan yanki ya ƙunshi kashi 90% na ƙanƙara na duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 70% na ruwa mai tsabta a duniya.

Wuri da yanayin Antarctica

Antarctica yanki ne na kudanci na duniya, a cikin yankin Antarctic da Antarctic Circles, a ƙarƙashin yankin Antarctic Convergence Zone, wato, kasa da latitudes 55° da 58° Kudu. Yana kewaye da tekun Antarctic da Indiya, kusa da tekun Pasifik da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika, kuma yana da tazarar kilomita 1.000 kacal daga kudancin kudancin Amurka (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Antarctica tana da yanayi mafi sanyi a duk nahiyoyi. Mafi ƙarancin zafinsa na kowane lokaci kuma shine mafi ƙarancin da aka rubuta a duk duniya (-89,2 ° C), kuma yankunan gabashinsa sun fi yankunan yamma sanyi sosai saboda yana da girma.

Zazzabi Mafi ƙarancin shekara-shekara a cikin hunturu kuma cikin nahiya yawanci kusan -80 ° C, yayin da yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara a lokacin rani da yankunan bakin teku yana kusa da 0 ° C. Bugu da kari, shi ne wuri mafi bushewa a duniya kuma ruwan ruwa ya yi karanci. Wuraren da ke cikinta ba su da iska mai ɗanɗano kuma bushewa ne kamar daskararren hamada, yayin da yankunan bakin tekun ke da iskoki masu yawa da ƙaƙƙarfan iska, waɗanda ke ba da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara.

Taimako

Tarihin yanayin kasa na Antarctica ya fara kimanin shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata tare da wargajewar babbar nahiyar Gondwana a hankali. Don wasu matakai na farkon rayuwarsa, ta sami wurin da ya fi arewa da yanayi na wurare masu zafi ko yanayin zafi kafin lokacin kankara na Pleistocene ya rufe nahiyar ya shafe flora da fauna.

Yankin yammacin nahiyar yana kama da tsaunukan Andes a fannin ilimin kasa, amma yana yiwuwa akwai wasu rayuwa a cikin ƙananan yankunan bakin teku. Sabanin haka, yankin gabas ya fi girma kuma yana da tudu mai tsayi a yankinsa na tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da Antarctic Plateau ko Geographic South Pole.

wannan hawan ya kai fiye da kilomita 1.000 zuwa gabas, tare da matsakaicin tsayin mita 3.000.. Mafi girman wurinsa shine Dome A, mita 4093 sama da matakin teku.

Namun daji Antarctic

Dabbobin Antarctica ba su da yawa, musamman game da kashin bayan ƙasa, waɗanda suka fi son tsibiran ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin yanayi. Ana iya samun invertebrates kamar tardigrades, lice, nematodes, krill da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin nahiyar.

Ana samun tushen tushen rayuwa a yankin a cikin ƙananan kwance da yankunan bakin teku, ciki har da rayuwar ruwa: blue whales, killer whales, squid ko pinnipeds (kamar hatimi ko zakin teku). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan penguin da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai sarki penguin, sarki penguin da rockhopper penguin.

Kasashe masu tushe a Antarctica

Yawancin masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Antarctic suna da tushen binciken kimiyya a nahiyar. Wasu na dindindin, tare da ma'aikata masu juyawa, wasu kuma na yanayi ne ko lokacin rani, lokacin da yanayin zafi da yanayi ba su da ƙarfi. Yawan tushe na iya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, samun damar isa sansanonin 40 daga kasashe 20 daban-daban (2014).

Yawancin sansanonin rani na Jamus, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Koriya ta Kudu, Amurka, Faransa, Indiya, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Rasha, Poland, Afirka ta Kudu, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Tushen hunturu na Jamus (1), Argentina (7) da Chile (11) sun kasance a Antarctica a lokacin tsananin hunturu.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene Antarctica da halayensa.