Kusukela ngempi yamakhaza lapho umjaho wasemkhathini phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union waqala, kuye kwenziwa uhambo olumbalwa lokuya enyangeni. Umuntu usenyathele enyangeni izikhathi eziningi kwaze kwaba ngu-1972 lapho usomkhathi uGene Cernan enyathela okokugcina kusathelayithi yethu. Kusukela lapho, abantu abaningi baye bazibuza zingaki uhambo oluya enyangeni umuntu wenze futhi kungani uhambo olwengeziwe lokuya enyangeni lungazange lwenziwe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi zingaki uhambo oluya enyangeni oseluhambile nesizathu sokuthi kungani lungasekho uhambo oluke lwenziwa kusukela ngo-1972.
Mangakhi uhambo oluya enyangeni olwenziwe
Umuntu wenze ingqikithi yohambo oluyisithupha oluya eNyangeni. Lolu hambo lwenziwa i-NASA, inhlangano yasemkhathini yase-United States, njengengxenye yohlelo oludumile lwe-Apollo.
Ukufika kokuqala kwenyanga okuphethwe umuntu kwenzeka ngoJulayi 20, 1969, lapho osomkhathi uNeil Armstrong kanye no-Edwin Aldrin behamba phezu kwenyanga ngesikhathi semishini ye-Apollo 11. Lesi sigameko esiyingqophamlando saphawula ingqophamlando ekuhloleni umkhathi futhi saba umzuzu obalulekile womlando we ubuntu.
Ngemuva kwempumelelo ye-Apollo 11, ezinye izimishini ezinhlanu ze-Apollo zenziwa ngokufika kwabantu eNyangeni: Apollo 12 ngoNovemba 1969, Apollo 14 ngoFebhuwari 1971, Apollo 15 ngoJulayi 1971, Apollo 16 ngo-April 1972, kanye Apollo 17 ngoDisemba 1972. Ngayinye yalezi mishini ibinomgomo othile wesayensi, ohlanganisa ukuqoqa amasampula enyanga, izinhlolovo zejiyoloji, nokwenza izivivinyo ukuze uqonde kangcono isathelayithi yethu yemvelo kanye nobudlelwano bayo nomhlaba.
Kusukela kumishini yokugcina ye-Apollo ngo-1972, akekho umuntu obuyele eNyangeni. Nokho, ukuhlola umkhathi kuyaqhubeka nezinye izinhlelo nemikhankaso ehloselwe ukuyisa osomkhathi kwezinye izindawo, njengeMars nangale kwayo. Ukuba khona komuntu eNyangeni kusalokhu kuyisizinda semishini yesikhathi esizayo, futhi ama-ejensi asemkhathini emhlabeni wonke ayaqhubeka nokusebenza kumaphrojekthi nobuchwepheshe ukuze enze lo mbono wokuvelela ube ngokoqobo.
Kungaba iphutha uma sithi asibuyelanga enyangeni. Eziningi zalolu hambo zingama-probe namasathelayithi aqalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Nokho, Kuyiqiniso ukuthi asikaze silubeke unyawo enyangeni kusukela ngo-1972, unyaka ongusonkanyezi we-Apollo 17, U-Gene Cernan, ushiye isathelayithi yethu ngemva komsebenzi wokugcina wokuya enyangeni.
Kungani abantu beya enyangeni?
Ukuze sithole ukuthi yini eyaholela ohambweni oluya ezweni laseSelenite, kufanele sibuyele emuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi eyalandela iMpi Yezwe II, i-United States neSoviet Union badlala umdlalo wabo oyingqayizivele we-chess ebhodini. i-world chess, neminye yemidlalo ebaluleke kakhulu kulo mdlalo yabangwa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi umjaho wasemkhathini, impi eqinile phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu umgomo wayo omkhulu kwakuyinyanga. Kule mpi, womabili la mazwe azama ukukhombisa izinzuzo zabo zezempi nezobuchwepheshe phezu kwabamelene nabo, okuzogcina zibaholela e-hegemony emhlabeni.
Ngaphandle komongo weMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kubonakala kunzima ukuqonda indlela yokuthumela ohambweni kumasathelayithi ethu. Ngaphezu kokuphela kwalo, uhambo oluya enyangeni luzobeka ijubane le-ajenda yezombangazwe yamazwe ngamazwe kuze kuphele ikhulunyaka elibonisa umhlaba ukuthi ubani onamandla engeziwe. Kodwa futhi kuyindlela yokugwema ukungqubuzana okuqondile phakathi kwamandla amabili amakhulu anezikhali ze-athomu ezinothile ezikwazi ukubhubhisana, ukugwema umzabalazo wemibono phakathi konxiwankulu nobukhomanisi ngaphandle kokukhala ngenhlekelele yenuzi.
Ngakho-ke uma ukufika komuntu enyangeni nasemuva cishe kuyi-utopia namuhla, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi lokho bekuyosho ukuthini eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. Ngokufinyelela isathelayithi yethu nokubuya ngempumelelo, i-United States ibonise amandla ezobuchwepheshe, ezempi, kanye nezomnotho athumele umlayezo ocace kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba: "Namuhla, i-United States iyabusa lapha."
Kungani abantu bengakabuyi eNyangeni kusukela ngo-1972?
Iqiniso liwukuthi ngeke sazi ukube sasifike enyangeni ngo-1969 ukuze kucatshangelwe izinto ezilula zesayensi esimweni esihlukile somlando. Konke kubonakala kubonisa okuphambene. Njengoba sishilo, isizathu esenza i-United States inqume ukwethula umkhankaso wabantu kumasathelayithi wethu kungenxa yokushuba okudalwe yisimo sezepolitiki. Ngaphandle kokuncintisana okuvela eSoviet Union, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US wahlanganisa abantu abasondelene ne-400.000 ukuze babambe iqhaza futhi basebenze ohlelweni lwe-Apollo phakathi neminyaka engu-14 eyahlala, elilingana nama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-106.000 okwamanje.
Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1960, umnotho wohlelo lwasemkhathini lwase-US wanda, wafinyelela irekhodi elingamaphesenti angu-5,3 esabelomali sikahulumeni ngo-1965. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emi-5, ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, umjaho we-Space wagcina usuzinzile ngendlela yaseMelika, futhi iNASA yahlupheka kakhulu. ukuncishiswa kwesabelomali ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa intshisekelo yepolitiki enyangeni kanye nobungozi obubandakanya umkhankaso we-Apollo 13. Eqinisweni, le micimbi ifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokuthi: ukwesulwa kwemishini ye-Apollo 18, 19 kanye ne-20, okwenza i-Apollo 17 ibe umkhankaso wokugcina wokuya eNyangeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mhlawumbe isizathu esinamandla kakhulu sokuthi singabuyeli eNyangeni silula kakhulu: asikho isidingo sokubuya.
Mhlawumbe umbuzo okufanele ubuzwe uwukuthi: kungani ubuyela enyangeni lapho kunokuningi okuzohlolwa? Uma kubhekwa intuthuko yesayensi eyenziwe eminyakeni yamuva, le nhlangano ayinakusola ngalutho. Namuhla sihlola i-Mars ngamarobhothi, sithola amasistimu elanga amasha cishe nsuku zonke, futhi sithola izenzakalo ezifana namagagasi adonsela phansi, kuze kube muva nje, abeyingxenye yethiyori. Ukuthi asikabuyi akusho ukuthi ngeke sibuye. Umsebenzi olandelayo wesathelayithi owenziwe umuntu uzokwenzeka ngo-2024, nomsebenzi we-NASA u-Artemis uhlose ukubuyisela abantu eNyangeni. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi, kulokhu, uthatha isinyathelo esisha ku-lunar regolith, elandela isibonelo sikaNeil Armstrong ngo-1969.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi zingaki uhambo oluya enyangeni oseluhambile nokuthi kungani engazange aluhambe.