Amamodeli e-athomu ayizethulo zethiyori ososayensi abaye bazenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze bazame ukuqonda ukwakheka nokuziphatha kwama-athomu, okungamayunithi ayisisekelo akha izinto. Kungenxa yalezi zinhlobo ze-athomu ukuthi sinolwazi olukhulu ngesayensi. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi kahle yiziphi amamodeli athomu.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi ayini amamodeli e-athomu, awayini, avela kanjani, futhi awusizo kangakanani.
Ayini amamodeli e-athomu
Izethulo ezihlukene zezithombe zesakhiwo se-athomu nomsebenzi zibizwa ngokuthi amamodeli e-athomu. Imodeli ye-athomu yathuthukiswa kuwo wonke umlando wesintu kusukela emibonweni mayelana nokwakheka kwezinto ezisetshenziswa enkathini ngayinye.
I-athomu iyiyunithi encane kakhulu ye-elementi yamakhemikhali egcina izici zayo ezihlukile. Kuwo wonke umlando, ososayensi abahlukahlukene nezazi zefilosofi baye bahlongoza amamodeli e-athomu ahlukene, ngayinye isekelwe olwazini nasolwazini olwalukhona ngaleso sikhathi. Enye yezibonelo zokuqala yileyo eyahlongozwa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uDemocritus, owaphakamisa ukuthi udaba lwakhiwa izinhlayiya ezingahlukaniseki ezibizwa ngokuthi “ama-athomu,” okusho ukuthi ngesiGreki “okungahlukaniseki.”
Imodeli ye-athomu kaDemocritus
I "Cosmic Atomic Theory" yasungulwa ngokubambisana isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uDemocritus kanye nomeluleki wakhe uLeucippus. Ngaleso sikhathi, ulwazi lwalungatholwa ngokuhlolwa, kodwa ngokubonisana okunengqondo, isethulo esisekelwe emcabangweni, nengxoxo.
UDemocritus uhlongoze ukuthi umhlaba wakhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu futhi ezingahlukaniseki, ezikhona phakade, ezilinganayo futhi ezingenakucindezelwa. ziyehluka kuphela ngokuma nobukhulu, kunokuba zihluke ekusebenzeni kwazo kwangaphakathi.
Ngokusho kukaDemocritus, izakhiwo zendaba zinqunywa indlela ama-athomu ahlanganiswe ngayo. Kamuva izazi zefilosofi, ezinjengo-Epicurus, zengeza ukunyakaza okungahleliwe kwama-athomu kulo mbono.
Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton
Imodeli yokuqala ye-athomu esekelwe ngokwesayensi yazalwa emkhakheni wamakhemikhali, ehlongozwa nguJohn Dalton encwadini yakhe ethi "Atomic Postulate". Wayekholelwa ukuthi yonke into yenziwe ngama-athomu, ayihlukaniseki futhi ayinakonakala, ngisho nangokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
U-Dalton uphakamise ukuthi ama-athomu e-elementi yamakhemikhali afanayo ayalingana, anesisindo esifanayo kanye nezakhiwo ezifanayo. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, wakha umqondo wesisindo se-athomu esihlobene (isisindo se-elementi ngayinye uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo se-hydrogen), ngokuqhathanisa isisindo se-elementi ngayinye nesisindo se-hydrogen. Uphinde waphakamisa ukuthi ama-athomu angahlangana namanye akhe ama-compounds.
Ithiyori kaDalton yayinamaphutha athile. Uthe ama-compounds akhiwa kusetshenziswa inani elincane kakhulu lama-athomu e-elementi. Isibonelo, ngokusho kukaDalton, i-molecule yamanzi izoba i-H2O, hhayi i-H2O, okuyifomula efanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithi izakhi zegesi zihlala zi-monatomic, esazi ukuthi akulona iqiniso.
Lewis imodeli ye-athomu
Eyaziwa nangokuthi "imodeli ye-athomu eyi-cubic", lapho u-Lewis ehlongoze ukwakheka kwe-athomu esabalaliswe okumise okwe-cube, okunama-vertices ayisishiyagalombili angama-electron. Lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukeni ocwaningweni lwe-atomic valence kanye ne-chemical bonding, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuvuselelwa ngo-1919 ngu-Irving Langmuir, ophakamise “i-athomu ye-cubic octet”.
Lezi zifundo zaziyisisekelo salokho manje okwaziwa njengemidwebo kaLewis, okungamathuluzi awusizo kakhulu ekuchazeni izibopho ezihlangene.
Thomson Atomic Model
Engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-XNUMX, usosayensi uJ. J. Thomson yenza izivivinyo ngemisebe ye-cathode futhi yaphakamisa imodeli lapho i-athomu yayiyindilinga ene-positive, efana nebhola lenhlama, futhi ama-electron angenasici ahlakazekile ngaphakathi kwawo, njengama-raisins ku-pudding. Le modeli yaziwa ngokuthi "imodeli ye-raisin pudding" futhi yayiyisiphakamiso sokuqala sesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-athomu.
Rutherford Atomic Model
Imodeli kaRutherford yavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Esivivinyweni esidumile, u-Rutherford waqhumisa i-foil yegolide ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha futhi wathola ukuthi izinhlayiya eziningi zadlula ku-foil, kodwa ezimbalwa zazichezuke kakhulu. Lokhu kwaholela Rutherford ukuze asikisele ukuthi i-athomu yayinenucleus encane, eminyene, ene-charge enhle phakathi nendawo, kuyilapho ama- electron ezungeza le nucleus ebangeni elide, njengamaplanethi azungeza ilanga.
Isibonelo se-Bohr Atomic
Ngokusekelwe kumodeli kaRutherford, u-Niels Bohr wahlongoza ngo-1913 ukuthi ama-electron ahamba emizileni eyindilinga ezungeza i-nucleus. Lezi zindlela zilinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi kwakuvunyelwe izindlela ezithile kuphela, kuyilapho ezinye zingavunyelwe. I-Bohr iphinde yathola ukuthi ama-electron angagxuma phakathi kwemizila ehlukene ngokukhipha noma ukumunca amandla ngendlela yama-photon, ngaleyo ndlela echaza ukuphuma nokumuncwa kokukhanya ngama-athomu.
Imodeli ye-athomu ka-Sommerfeld (1916 AD)
Imodeli ka-Sommerfeld yayisekelwe ngokwengxenye kokuthunyelwe kuka-Albert Einstein kokuhlobana. Le modeli yahlongozwa ngu-Arnold Sommerfield ngomzamo wokunxephezela ukushiyeka kwemodeli ye-Bohr.
Isekelwe ngokwengxenye emibhalweni ka-Albert Einstein yokuhlobana. Ukuguqulwa kwakhe kwakuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-orbit ye-electron iyisiyingi noma i-elliptical, lokho i-electron inomsinga kagesi omncane nokuthi kukhona ama-sublevel amabili noma ngaphezulu aqala ezingeni lesibili lamandla.
Imodeli ye-athomu kaSchrödinger
Ekwakhela phezu komsebenzi ka-Bohr no-Sommerfeld, u-Erwin Schrödinger uhlongoze ukuphatha ama-electron njengamagagasi ezinto, okwavumela incazelo enokwenzeka kamuva yomsebenzi wegagasi (okuchaza ubukhulu bamathuba okuthola umuntu). Isikhala), nguMax Born.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngenxa yesimiso sokungaqiniseki sase-Heisenberg, kungenzeka ukutadisha probabilistically isikhundla electron noma umfutho wayo, kodwa hhayi kokubili. Lena imodeli yamanje ye-athomu kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, nokunye okungeziwe okwenziwe kamuva. Ibizwa ngokuthi "imodeli ye-quantum wave."
I-Quantum Atomic Model
Imodeli ye-quantum, eyakhiwe kulo lonke ikhulu lama-XNUMX, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi yamanje. Isekelwe embonweni we-quantum mechanics futhi ichaza i-athomu njengefu lamathuba lapho ama-electron engalandeli ama-orbits aqondile, kodwa kunalokho. Atholakala ezindaweni zesikhala namathuba aphezulu okutholakala. Le modeli ivumele ukuqonda okujulile kwama-electron nokuziphatha kwawo, futhi ivule umnyango wenqubekelaphambili kumakhemikhali wesimanje kanye ne-physics.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ayini amamodeli e-athomu nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamamodeli eziye zaba khona kuwo wonke umlando.