Impela wake wezwa ukuzamazama okuncane komhlaba noma wabona ukundindizela futhi awazi ukuthi kungani. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kukhulunywa ngakho njalo, kepha abantu abaningi abazi yini ukuzamazama komhlaba empeleni, umsuka wayo nezimbangela. Ukuze siqonde umsuka wezimbangela zokuzamazama komhlaba kumele sibe nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-geology.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yikuphi ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuthi uvelaphi, izimbangela nemiphumela.
Kuyini ukuzamazama komhlaba
Ukuzamazama komhlaba into ebangelwe ukudlidlizela koqweqwe lomhlaba, ngenxa yokushayisana kwamacwecwe ama-tectonic akha ubuso beplanethi yethu. Kungaba kusuka ezintabeni kuya kulokho okubizwa ngamaphutha, kungatholakala noma yikuphi onqenqemeni lwepuleti, okuyilokho okwenzekayo lapho izingcwecwe ezimbili zehlukana. Icala elidume kakhulu yilelo leNyakatho Melika, lapho kutholakala khona iphutha laseSan Andreas. Lezi zindawo zaqopha ukuzamazama komhlaba okucekele phansi kakhulu, kwaze kwafinyelela namandla amakhulu angu-7,2 esikalini sikaRichter.
Yize isikali esidume kakhulu yisikali sikaRichter, esikala ubukhulu bezinto, ochwepheshe basebenzisa isikali seMercalli ukukala umthelela emvelweni, kanye nesikali samanje sokuzamazama komhlaba ukuhlola ukuqina nebanga ledwala lapho isuswe dengwane.
Isikali sikaRichter sifingqiwe ngo:
- Ubukhulu 3 noma ngaphansi: imvamisa ayizwakali, kepha izobhalisa noma kunjalo. Imvamisa ayibangeli monakalo osobala.
- Amandla kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-6: kuyaqapheleka. Kungadala umonakalo omncane.
- Ukuqina 6 kuye ku-7: Zingadala umonakalo omkhulu kulo lonke idolobha.
- Ukuqina 7 kuye ku-8: umonakalo ubaluleke kakhulu. Ingabhubhisa indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-150.
- Ukuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kwamadigri ayisishiyagalombili kungadala umonakalo omkhulu wezinto ezibonakalayo ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa. Kepha awukho umlando wokuthi usufinyelele kuleli zinga ezweni lethu.
Umsuka wokuzamazama komhlaba
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kubangelwa ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi la macwecwe ahamba njalo futhi akhipha amandla ngesikhathi sokunyakaza. Zingadalwa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngoba kubhekwa njengegagasi lamandla emvelo. Lokho esikubonayo bangamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba avela maphakathi nomhlaba. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, wonke amelwe kuma-seismograms.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba uqobo kungukudlidliza ebusweni bomhlaba, okudalwa ukukhishwa okungazelelwe kwamandla avela ngaphakathi komhlaba. Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla kuvela ekuhambeni kwamapuleti e-tectonic, akhipha amandla ngesikhathi sokunyakaza. Zingahluka ngosayizi namandla. Okunye ukuzamazama komhlaba kubuthakathaka kangangokuba ukubambisana akuzwakali. Noma kunjalo, abanye bangaba nodlame olukhulu kangangokuba bakwazi ukubhubhisa ngisho namadolobha.
Uchungechunge lokuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka esifundeni kubizwa ngomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Kusho imvamisa, uhlobo, nosayizi wokuzamazama komhlaba okutholwe kule ndawo isikhathi esithile. Ebusweni bomhlaba, lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kubonakala njengokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokufuduka kwesikhashana.
Imvamisa zivela cishe yonke indawo emhlabeni, emaphethelweni amapuleti e-tectonic noma emaphutheni. Siyazi ukuthi iplanethi yethu inezendlalelo eziyisi-4 zangaphakathi: umnyombo wangaphakathi, umongo wangaphandle, ingubo noqweqwe. Ingxenye engenhla yengubo yakhiwe ngezakhiwo ezinamadwala, lapho kunenani elithile lemisinga ye-convection, ekhuthaza ukuhamba kwamapuleti we-tectonic ngakho-ke kubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba
Ukwakhiwa kokuzamazama komhlaba kungenxa yokwanda kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngaphakathi komhlaba. Sichaza amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba njengegagasi elinwebekayo, elenzeka ekusakazekeni kwezinguquko zesikhashana emkhakheni wokuxineka futhi kubangele ukunyakaza okuncane kwamapuleti we-tectonic. Yize lokhu sikubiza ngokuhamba kwamacwecwe ama-tectonic plate, kepha kufanele sazi ukuthi lokhu kuhamba kucace kangangoba kucishe kungabonakali. Kule minyaka lapho amapuleti ama-tectonic ahambe kancane kakhulu kunezigidi zeminyaka edlule. Izwekazi ihamba kuphela 2 cm ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso. Lokhu akubonakali kubantu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba angenziwa ngokungeyikho. Isibonelo, abantu bangadala amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba okufakelwayo ngokusebenzisa amasu wokukhipha igesi njengeziqhumane noma ama-hydraulic fracturing.
Amagagasi angaphakathi amagagasi asakazeka ngaphakathi komhlaba. Siyazi ukuthi ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kweplanethi yethu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukukhipha lolu lwazi kukhombisa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba. Lokhu kungumphumela ofana nokuphindiswa kwamaza okukhanya.
Amagagasi e-P achazwa njengamagagasi avela enhlabathini ecindezelwe kakhulu futhi angamagagasi akhula aye ohlangothini lokusakazeka. Isici esiyinhloko salezi zimagagasi zokuzamazama komhlaba ukuthi zingadlula kunoma iyiphi into, noma ngabe injani. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, sinamagagasi e-S, lolu hlobo lwamagagasi lunokuhamba okuguqukayo kuya kusiqondiso sokwanda. Futhi, ijubane labo lihamba kancane kunamagagasi e-P, ngakho-ke avela emhlabathini kamuva. La magagasi awakwazi ukusakazeka ngoketshezi.
Seismology nokubaluleka
I-Seismology yisayensi efunda ngokwenzeka kokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngakho-ke ufunda ukwabiwa kwesikhala-isikhathi, indlela yokugxila nokukhululwa kwamandla. Ukutadisha ukusakazeka kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba okwenziwe ukuzamazama komhlaba kuqopha imininingwane ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi, indawo eyakheke ngayo, ukuminyana nokusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo njalo njalo. Ngenxa yamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba, Kungenzeka ukuthola ulwazi oluningi mayelana nengaphakathi loMhlaba. Siyazi futhi ukuthi zenziwa ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi kunqunywa yimishini yemishini enwebekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isivinini saso sincike ezintweni ezinwebeka zesisetshenziswa esikhulayo, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwaso kungafundwa ngokubheka isikhathi sokusabalalisa nobukhulu bamaza la.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngokuthi kuyini ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezici zako.