Uma sikhuluma ngamafomu e-geological ahlukene akhona, siyabona ukuthi lezi ziqhingi zingesinye sezihehe kakhulu ngokubuka kwabavakashi. Futhi ukuthi lezi ziqhingi zigcina izici ezihlukile nezinhlelo zemvelo okufanele zikwazi ngempela. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu owazi kahle yini isiqhingi. Zinezici zokuma komhlaba kanye nezimo ezithile okumele kuhlangatshezwane nazo ukwenza njalo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi siyini isiqhingi, yiziphi izici zaso nemvelaphi yaso.
Siyini isiqhingi
Isiqhingi yizwe elizungezwe ngokuphelele ngamanzi, elincane kunelizwekazi. Lapho iziqhingi eziningana zisondelene, zibizwa ngokuthi iqembu leziqhingi.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zeziqhingi ngokwendlela ezibukeka ngayo, nosayizi wazo nobukhulu bazo obuhlukile. Amakhulu kunawo wonke yiGreenland, iMadagascar, iNew Guinea, iBorneo, iSumatra nesiQhingi saseBaffin, kanti amancane kunazo zonke maningi kakhulu ngoba awahlakazekile nje kuphela maphakathi nolwandle, kepha nasemachibini ngisho nasemifuleni. Lezi ziqhingi imvamisa ziyizicucu zomhlaba, imvamisa zingenampilo yomuntu, kepha zinezitshalo nezinye izilwane.
Iziqhingi ezincane zibizwa ngokuthi iziqhingi, ngokuvamile ezingenabantu, kodwa ezinezitshalo nezilwane. Iziqhingi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wepharadesi. Zihlobene futhi nesizungu kanye nokuba khona kwempilo yobuntombi. Bezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu. Amazwe amaningi atholakala esiqhingini esisodwa noma eziningana futhi angase abe nokuhambisana okuphakeme kakhulu kwezomnotho, njengoba kwenzeka eJapane. I-Japan iyizwe elifakwe kwezinye iziqhingi e-Pacific Ocean futhi elivelele namuhla ngobuciko balo bezomnotho. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yaseJapan ithuthuke ngaphandle kwenkinga naphezu kokuthuthukisa izwe libe isiqhingi.
Ukwazi ngokujule ukuthi siyini isiqhingi, sizobona kancane noma kancane incazelo enikezwa ngokuya ngeMillennium Systems Assessment. Lawa ngamazwe angawodwa azungezwe ngamanzi, ahlala abantu futhi ahlukaniswe nezwekazi okungenani amakhilomitha ama-2. Ubukhulu bayo kufanele bulingane noma bube ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayi-0.15. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iziqhingi eziningi ziyizindawo ezigcwele zigcwele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Uhlobo lwendalo kuphela olukhethekile emvelweni futhi olungakwazi ukuba kwenye indawo ngoba ludinga lezi zimo ukuze luphile. Isibonelo, i-lemur yisilwane esitholakala kuphela eMadagascar, esiqhingini.
Siyini isiqhingi: ukwakheka
Lapho sesazi ukuthi siyini isiqhingi, sizozama ukuchaza ukwakheka kwaso. Iziqhingi bezikhona ngoba ama-plate tectonics eplanethi yethu ahlala ehamba njalo. Siyakhumbula ukuthi iplanethi enguMhlaba inamabhokisi amaningi akhiwe ngezinto ezahlukene. Ingubo yoMhlaba yakhiwe yimisinga ye I-convection ngenxa yokwehluka kobuningi bezinto zokwakha futhi lokhu kubangela ukuthi uqweqwe lwamazwekazi lushintshe. Lesi sigaxa sakhiwe ngamapuleti we-tectonic futhi ahamba ngokuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Iziqhingi nazo zihamba namapuleti ama-tectonic. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana kanti kwesinye isikhathi ziyehlukana. Ngakho-ke, zingavela ngokuhamba kwezigidi zeminyaka eminingi ngenxa yezehlakalo zokwakheka komhlaba njengokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwentaba yasolwandle. Kunezindlela eziningi lapho isiqhingi singakhiwa khona futhi kulokhu kubekwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo zeziqhingi
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeziqhingi ngokuya ngezici zazo. Lezi ziqhingi zehlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu okuyizwekazi kanye nolwandle. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izici zalowo nalowo kubo:
- Iziqhingi zase-Continental: Ziyingxenye yeshalofu lezwekazi. Eziningi zaziyingxenye yezwekazi, kodwa zanqanyulwa ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle. Lolu hlobo luyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-tidal island", eyenzeka lapho amagagasi aphezulu emboza ingxenye yezwe ehlanganisa indawo nenye. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yawo izungezwe amanzi. Iziqhingi ze-Barrier zihlanganisa izingxenye zomhlaba ezihambisana nogu, eziningi zazo eziyingxenye yeshalofu lezwekazi. Kungase kube umphumela wemisinga yolwandle esunduza isihlabathi nenhlabathi, noma ngisho nokuncibilika kwezinto ngesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa okubangele ukuphakama kolwandle. Izibonelo zalolu hlobo lweziqhingi iGreenland neMadagascar.
- Iziqhingi zase-Oceanic: Abayona ingxenye yeshalofu lezwekazi. Ezinye zibizwa nangokuthi iziqhingi zentaba-mlilo ngenxa yokuthi zakhiwe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Iziqhingi zase-Oceanic zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezincishisiwe lapho ipuleti elilodwa licwila ngaphansi kwelinye, nakuba zingakheka ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kulesi simo, ipuleti lihamba ngaphezu kwalelo phuzu, njengoba i-magma ihambela phezulu, okwenza uqweqwe lomhlaba lukhuphuke.
Ezinye iziqhingi ezisolwandle zavela ekunyakazeni kwamapuleti e-tectonic njengoba ekhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ngezinye izikhathi izigaxa ezinkulu zamakhorali zakha izixhobo ezinkulu zamakhorali. Lapho amathambo e-calcium alezi zilwane (ikakhulukazi i-calcium carbonate) enqwabelene ngokungafani kangangokuthi avele ngaphezu kolwandle, akha isiqhingi samakhorali. Yiqiniso, ezinye izinto zengezwa emathanjeni.
Uma amathambo eqoqana ezungeze iziqhingi zasolwandle (imvamisa izintaba-mlilo), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umhlabathi enkabeni uyacwila bese umbozwa ngamanzi ukwakha ichibi, umphumela uba isiqhingi. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lwesiqhingi iziQhingi zaseHawaii kanye neMaldives.
Iziqhingi zokufakelwa
Umuntu ukwazile ukudala iziqhingi ezingezona ezobuchwepheshe besimanje. Amapulatifomu enziwe ngezinto zensimbi nosimende angasebenza njenge-simulator eshalofini lasezwenikazi. Noma kunjalo, ingqikithi yesiqhingi ayisoze yafana noma ngabe umuntu uzama ukulingisa.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, lezi ziqhingi zithakazelisa impela ngokubuka komhlaba nokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngokuthi siyini isiqhingi nokuthi yiziphi izici zaso.