Uma sikhuluma ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, sibhekisela emanzini akhishwa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba futhi angasetshenziswa ukuze asetshenziswe abantu futhi asetshenziswe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Emanzini angaphansi komhlaba yilapho kugcinwa khona wonke amanzi avela ekuhlungeni imvula esuka phansi eya emhlabathini ongaphansi. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi yini i-aquifer nokuthi buyini ukubaluleka kwayo.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-aquifer, imvelaphi yayo, izici nokuthi ibaluleke kangakanani ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi.
Yini i-aquifer
Imithombo yamanzi idlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi womhlaba. Ngalo mqondo, amanzi emvula angena emhlabathini, abambe izimbotshana nemifantu enhlabathini engaphansi, enze ukugeleza okungaphansi komhlaba. Amanzi agcinwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba futhi cishe azothenwa ngamaphrojekthi wokuqoqwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu. Ukuntuleka kokulawula le misebenzi yokuvuna amanzi kungafaka ingcindezi enkulu kulezi zakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungashintsha ukushajwa kwemvelo kwe-aquifer kanjalo namaphethini wendawo kanye nesikhashana okutholakala kwamanzi. Ukuze ugweme le miphumela, kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla kanye nezici zalezi zinhlelo zokugcina amanzi.
Ama-aquifers ama-geological formations anezakhiwo ze-hydraulic ezivumela amanzi ukuthi agcinwe futhi athuthwe ngokukhululeka ngokusebenzisa ama-pores noma ama-fractures. Phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ze-aquifer, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa:
- Itafula lamanzi
- indawo yokugcwalisa
- Ijazi elingangeni manzi
Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakala endaweni egcwele, ngaphansi kwetafula lamanzi, okwenza umkhawulo ongaphezulu wendawo. Uma kukhulu ukujula kwendawo yokugcwala, kuba mkhulu umfutho wamanzi. Njengoba amanzi agciniwe egelezela ezindaweni ezinomfutho ophansi, ahlakazeka ngokwemvelo phezulu ngemisele ekhuphukayo, iziphethu, noma imifula. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-aquifer, kunezindawo ezingenamanzi ezivimbela ukudlula kwamanzi.
i-aquifer geology
Ukushajwa kabusha kwe-aquifer kwenziwa ngenqubo yokungena-ukungena kwamanzi e-sedimentary. Yini engenelayo: amandla adonsela phansi kanye ne-lithology.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla adonsela phansi amandla adonsela amanzi phakathi nendawo yoMhlaba, okuvumela amanzi ukuba ajikeleze aqonde ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba aye ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene ngaphansi komhlaba.
I-Lithology, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inquma i-porosity noma ukuminyana kwe-geological material eyenza i-aquifer. Kuye ngalokhu, amanzi anganqwabelana futhi ajikeleze kalula noma kancane.
Anamazinga ahlukene okwenza kube lula izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezikhona. Kulo msebenzi, izinhlobo ezine ze-taxonomy zisungulwa.
ukuhlukaniswa kwe-hydrogeological
Ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwe-lithological uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izinhlelo ezi-4 ze-hydrogeological zingahlukaniswa: ama-aquifers, aquitards, aquicluded and herefugal.
Ngokuya ngokwakheka kokwakheka komhlaba, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zingabhekwa njengezinhle kakhulu (ezihlanganiswe netshe elihlanzekile), elilungile (elihlanganiswe nesihlabathi esihlanzekile, amatshe nesihlabathi, noma isihlabathi esicolekileyo) noma elimpofu (isihlabathi esihle, udaka, kanye ne-limestone ephukile) ukuze kugcinwe futhi kuvuselelwe. ezokuthutha emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokuvamile, Uhlelo lubonakala ngomthamo ophezulu wokugcina, ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi.
Ama-aquitards akhiwe ngodaka, udaka, nobumba anomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amanzi kodwa ane-drainage (umthamo ophansi kuya omaphakathi) kanye nezinkinga zokuhamba (umthamo ophansi). Yigama eliphakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-aquifer kanye ne-aquifer.
Naphezu kwe-porosity yayo ephezulu, isakhiwo sesici sama-aquacluid asingeneli (umhlabathi, ubumba noma itshe le-pumice). Ngakho-ke, amandla ayo okugcina, ukulanda kanye nokudlulisa awekho.
Ama-aquifuges ama-geological formations angakwazi ukugcina noma ukuthutha amanzi. Ezinye izibonelo amatshe avuthayo angaphukile noma aphukile. Lapha ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo zamatshe e-igneous nezici zawo.
I-Hydraulic Pressure Classification
Indawo, ukuziphatha kwamanzi kanye nezici ze-geological ze-aquifer kubangela izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene ze-aquifer: ekhululekile, evalekile kanye ne-semi-conception.
- Ama-aquifers amahhala, Okungavaliwe noma i-phreatic akuqukethe ukwakheka okungangeneki. Phakathi kwabo, indawo engasetshenzisiwe itholakala phakathi kwendawo kanye netafula lamanzi, lapho amanzi ehlangene nomoya futhi engaphansi kwengcindezi yomoya.
- Ngokungafani nama-aquifers amahhala, lama-aquifer avaliwe, zivalelwe, zicindezelwe noma zingaphansi komthwalo azihlangani nomkhathi ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto ezingangenisi noma ezivalekile. Emanzini angaphansi avalelwe noma avalelwe, amanzi agcwala ngokuphelele ama-pores noma ama-fractures, ngakho-ke lapho umthombo ubhojwa amanzi ayakhuphuka kuze kube yilapho umfutho wamanzi ulingana nomfutho womoya.
- ama-aquifers avalelwe kancane ziyizindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezicindezelwe njengamanzi avaliwe, kodwa ngokungafani nokwakamuva, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba avalelwe kancane anokungena okuphakeme (abhekwa njengama-aquitards).
Ukwakheka, izitshalo nezilwane
Ama-aquifers akhiwa phakathi nomjikelezo wamanzi, imvula ingena ngaphansi komhlabathi futhi yehle ize ifinyelele kumatshe angenakukwazi ukungena. Kunezici ezimbili ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwayo: amandla adonsela phansi kanye ne-lithology.
Amandla adonsela phansi adonsela amanzi enkabeni yoMhlaba, futhi noma ngabe imvula noma imifula, awathatha ngaphansi komhlaba. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, amanzi awangeni, awadluli, noma aqongelele kuye ngohlobo lwedwala eliphethe. Idwala eliminyene livimbela amanzi ukuba angangeni. Itshe elingenalutho lingaqoqa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi lizophuka noma lincibilike ngalawo manzi, lidale imigodi emikhulu ezogcwala amanzi.
Ekujuleni kunempahla yokuvimbela ukuvuza. Mayelana nabo, amanzi anqwabelene ongqimbeni olunezimbotshana ageleza kancane aqonde phezulu.
Ukubonakaliswa ngakunye kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kunezinqubo zemvelo, i-ecosystem eyingqayizivele, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlala zikhona zezitshalo nezilwane. Izitshalo ezihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyizitshalo zasemanzini noma izitshalo zasemanzini. Iqukethe izitshalo ezinezimpande ezijulile kakhulu ezimunca amanzi emithonjeni yamanzi ehlala njalo enhlabathini. Zidla emanzini angaphezulu, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi zitshuze eduze nendawo.
Izitshalo ze-algae ziyizinkomba zemvelo zokuphuza amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile nezincane ezinogwadule. I-Ash, i-alder, willow, ne-poplar nayo inendima yokuqondisa noma umsebenzi. Izihlahla zikhula emanzini ahlanzekile e-alluvial aquifer, lapho itafula lamanzi lingaphansi kwamamitha ayishumi ukushona.
E-aquifer, izilwane zakhiwa ama-microorganisms, izinto ezincane eziphilayo kanye nama-macroorganisms. Ukuhlukahluka kanye nobuningi bezilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla, eziningi zazo ezitholakala emanzini angaphezulu. I-Taxa iyabusa: izibungu, ama-oligochaetes, ama-crustaceans nama-rotifers. Izilwane ezingaphansi kwezigaba ze-Collembola, Insecta, Nematodes, Nematodes, Silk Nematodes, kanye ne-Pnematodes nazo zitholakale ngamanani amancane.
Umhlabathi ongaphansi ubonakala ngokungabi bikho kokukhanya okuphelele, lapho kungekho khona izinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic. Izilwane zasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba zithembele emanzini angaphezulu ukuze zithole ukudla nomoya-mpilo. Ibonisa ukujwayela okuyivumela ukuthi iphile ezindaweni zokukhosela ezimnyama ezingaphansi komhlaba.. Imvamisa kuba yizidalwa ezincane kakhulu ezinemizimba efana nezikelemu, side futhi eguquguqukayo ehamba phakathi kwemigodi emincane amanzi ageleza kuyo. Abanye abanaso umbala namehlo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-aquifer nezici zayo.