Yini i-Antarctica

I-Antarctica iyohlale yaziwa njengezwekazi elineqhwa. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi yini i-Antarctica futhi uyiphutha njengesigxobo sasenyakatho. Bayiphambanisa ne-north pole ngoba banayo ukuthi iyiqhwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu akufani. I-Antarctica iyizwekazi elimbozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi njalo unyaka wonke.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-Antarctica, yiziphi izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.

Yini i-Antarctica

I-Antarctica (noma i-Antarctica kwamanye amazwe) iyizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kanye nezwekazi eliseningizimu kakhulu (eningizimu kakhulu). Eqinisweni, isikhungo sayo sendawo sitholakala eSouth Pole of the Earth. Indawo yayo cishe ngokuphelele (98%) imbozwe yiqhwa kuze kufike ku-1,9 km ubukhulu.

Njengoba sikhuluma ngendawo ebanda kakhulu, eyome kakhulu futhi enomoya kakhulu emhlabeni, impilo evamile e-Antarctica cishe ayinakwenzeka, yingakho ingenabo abantu bomdabu. Igcwele kuphela imihlangano yokuhlola yesayensi eyahlukene (cishe abantu abayi-1.000 kuya ku-5.000 unyaka wonke) enezisekelo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo, ngokuvamile e-Antarctic Plateau.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyizwekazi elisanda kutholwa. Yaqala ukubonwa itilosi laseSpain uGabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) ehlobo eliseningizimu ngo-1603. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-1895, lapho imikhumbi yokuqala yaseNorway ifika ogwini ngo-XNUMX.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama layo livela enkathini yakudala: laqala ukusetshenziswa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle (384-322 BC) cishe ngo-350 BC. c. Encwadini yakhe ye-Meteorology, waqamba lezi zifunda ngokuthi "ezibheke enyakatho" (ngakho-ke igama lazo lisuselwa kwelesiGreek elithi antarktikós, "ezibheke eNyakatho Nephole").

Izici eziyinhloko

I-Antarctica inezici ezilandelayo:

• Ubuso bezwekazi bukhulu kune-Oceania noma i-Europe, futhi iyizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, linendawo. isamba esingamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-14, okungamakhilomitha-skwele angu-280.000 kuphela angenalo iqhwa ehlobo namakhilomitha-skwele angu-17.968. amakhilomitha ngasogwini. .
• Iqembu elikhulu leziqhingi liyingxenye yendawo yalo, enkulu kunazo zonke i-Alexander I (49.070 km²), iBerkner Island (43.873 km²), iThurston Island (15.700 km²), kanye neCany Island (8.500 km²).
• I-Antarctica ayinabo abantu bomdabu, ayikho izwe, futhi ayinakho ukuhlukana kwezindawo, nakuba izizwe eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene zithi: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, Great Britain, Argentina naseChile.
• Indawo yase-Antarctic ibuswa yiSivumelwano sase-Antarctic, esisebenza kusukela ngo-1961, esivimbela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuba khona kwezempi, ukukhishwa kwezimbiwa, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu nokulahlwa kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe, kanye nezinye izindlela zokusekela ucwaningo lwesayensi nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile .
• Inamadiphozithi amaningi angaphansi kweqhwa anjenge-Onyx (32 km ubude) noma iLake Vostok (14.000 km2 endaweni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndawo iqukethe u-90% weqhwa Lomhlaba, eliqukethe u-70% wamanzi ahlanzekile omhlaba.

Indawo kanye nesimo sezulu sase-Antarctica

I-Antarctica iyisifunda esiseningizimu impela Yomhlaba, ngaphakathi kwe-Antarctic kanye ne-Antarctic Circles, ngaphansi kwe-Antarctic Convergence Zone, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-latitudes 55° kanye no-58° eNingizimu. Izungezwe ulwandle i-Antarctic kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya, eduze nolwandle lwasePacific kanye neNingizimu ye-Atlantic, futhi itholakala kuphela kumakhilomitha ayi-1.000 ukusuka ekugcineni eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika (Ushuaia, Argentina).

I-Antarctica inesimo sezulu esibanda kunazo zonke kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Izinga layo lokushisa eliphansi kunawo wonke laso sonke isikhathi liphinde libe eliphansi kunawo wonke arekhodiwe emhlabeni wonke (-89,2 ° C), futhi izifunda zakhona ezisempumalanga zibanda kakhulu kunezifunda zasentshonalanga ngoba ziphakeme.

Ithempelesha isilinganiso sonyaka ebusika futhi ingaphakathi lezwekazi ngokuvamile liba ngu-80 ° C, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lonyaka ehlobo nasezindaweni ezisogwini licishe libe ngu-0°C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyindawo eyome kakhulu eMhlabeni futhi amanzi awuketshezi ayivelakancane. Ingaphakathi lalo linemimoya eswakeme embalwa futhi yomile njengogwadule oluneqhwa, kuyilapho izindawo zalo ezisogwini zinemimoya eminingi enamandla, evumela ukukhithika.

Nciphisa

Umlando wokwakheka komhlaba we-Antarctica waqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-25 edlule ngokuhlakazeka kancane kancane kwezwekazi elikhulu laseGondwana. Kwezinye izigaba zempilo yayo yakuqala, yabhekana nendawo esenyakatho kakhudlwana kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo noma esishisayo ngaphambi kokuba i-Pleistocene ice age ihlanganise izwekazi futhi yaqothula izitshalo nezilwane zayo.

Ingxenye esentshonalanga yezwekazi iyafana nezintaba zase-Andes, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukuphila ezindaweni ezingasogwini eziphansi. Ngokuphambene, isifunda esisempumalanga siphakeme ngokuphakama futhi sihlanganisa ithafa elisenyakatho endaweni yaso emaphakathi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Antarctic Plateau noma i-Geographic South Pole.

lokhu ukuphakama inweba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1.000 ukuya empumalanga, ngesilinganiso sokuphakama kwamamitha angu-3.000. Indawo yayo ephakeme kakhulu yiDome A, ingamamitha angama-4093 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.

Izilwane zasendle zase-Antarctic

Izilwane zase-Antarctica ziyindlala, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezilwane ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni, ezithanda iziqhingi ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezifana ne-tardigrades, izintwala, i-nematodes, i-krill kanye nama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene angatholakala ezwenikazi.

Imithombo eyinhloko yokuphila kule ndawo itholakala ezindaweni eziphansi nasogwini, kuhlanganise nezilwane zasemanzini: imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imikhomo ebulalayo, ama-squid noma ama-pinnipeds (njengama-seal noma amabhubesi olwandle). Kukhona nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamaphengwini, okugqama kuzo i-emperor penguin, inkosi penguin kanye ne-rockhopper penguin.

Amazwe azinze e-Antarctica

Abaningi abasayina iSivumelwano sase-Antarctic banezisekelo zocwaningo lwesayensi ezwenikazi. Ezinye zisebenza unomphela, zinabasebenzi abashintshayo, kanti ezinye ezesizini noma zasehlobo, lapho amazinga okushisa nesimo sezulu kungenasihluku esingako. Inani lezisekelo lingahluka unyaka nonyaka, ukwazi ukufinyelela ezisekelweni ezingu-40 ezivela emazweni angu-20 ahlukene (2014).

Izisekelo eziningi zasehlobo ngezaseJalimane, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, United States, France, India, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Russia, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Izisekelo zasebusika zaseJalimane (1), Argentina (7) naseChile (11) zihlala e-Antarctica phakathi nobusika obushubile.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-Antarctica nezici zayo.