Siyazi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buya ngokuya buthuthuka ngokweqa kanye nemingcele. Emhlabebeni webhayoloji nezakhi zofuzo kuphinde kube njalo. Kulokhu, abantu abaningi abazi yini i-CRISPR futhi ingeyani. Kuyindlela yokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, ngamafuphi, enesibopho sokusika nokunamathisela izakhi zofuzo zabantu. Yatholwa esikhathini eside esidlule futhi ithela izithelo zayo zokuqala ekwelapheni naseplastikini yezifo nezifo ezihlukahlukene.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-CRISPR, yiziphi izici zayo nokuthi kungani lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezofuzo kanye ne-biology.
Yini i-CRISPR
I-CRISPR isifinyezo se-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. Lena indlela amagciwane ayisebenzisayo ukuze azivikele kumagciwane nezinye izakhi zofuzo ezihambayo ezizama ukuhlasela amaseli awo.
Indlela i-CRISPR esebenza ngayo iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Okokuqala nje, amabhaktheriya afaka izingcezu ze-DNA yamagciwane ku-DNA yawo, njengohlobo "lwenkumbulo ye-immunological". Lezi zingcezu zibizwa ngokuthi ama-spacers. Ngokulandelayo, lapho igciwane lizama ukuthelela ingqamuzana lebhaktheriya, leli gciwane likhiqiza i-RNA engumhlahlandlela ebopha iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Cas, enqamula futhi ibhubhise i-DNA yaleli gciwane. Umhlahlandlela we-RNA wenziwa kusukela kulwazi oluqukethwe kuma-spacers, okuvumela i-bacterium ukuthi "ikhumbule" amagciwane eke yahlangana nayo ngaphambilini.
Lolu hlobo lokuzivikela kwamagciwane lusetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi okuhlela izakhi zofuzo anembe kakhulu. Indlela ethandwa kakhulu yi-CRISPR-Cas9, esebenzisa inguqulo elungisiwe yephrotheni ye-Cas9 ukusika i-DNA endaweni ethile. Khona-ke izinguquko zingenziwa ku-DNA, njengokwengeza noma ukususa ufuzo noma ukulungisa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR
Inzuzo enkulu yobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR ukunemba kwayo. I-RNA yomhlahlandlela ingaklanywa ukuhlanganisa ukulandelana kwe-DNA ethile, okusho ukuthi ukuhlela kwenziwa kuphela endaweni oyifunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ishesha kakhulu futhi ishibhile kunezindlela zangaphambilini zokuhlela izakhi zofuzo.
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR buyathembisa, buphinde buphakamise imibuzo yokuziphatha nezokuphepha. Ukuhlelwa kofuzo kungasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo zofuzo, kodwa ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwakha izingane "zangokwezifiso". noma ukwenza izinguquko entanjeni yamagciwane edluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphutha ekuhleleni angaba nemiphumela engalindelekile, njengomdlavuza noma ezinye izifo. Abantu abaningi baxoxa ngakho njengokungaphezu nje "kokudlala uNkulunkulu."
ukuhlelwa kofuzo
Emvelweni, izinto eziphilayo zinolwazi lofuzo olulawula ukukhula kwazo. Ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo kuyiqembu lamasu angasetshenziswa ukuguqula i-DNA yento ephilayo ngezinjongo ezahlukene. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlela akufani nokuguqulwa kofuzo. Okokuqala nje, i-DNA evela kwezinye izinhlobo ayisetshenziswa, njengalapho kulungiswa khona.
I-Biogenetics, eyaziwa nangokuthi ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, isiyalo esihlanganisa ibhayoloji kanye nezakhi zofuzo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusemkhakheni we-biotechnology. Ukuhlela ufuzo kuyinqubo okutholwa ngayo ucezu lwe-DNA ofuna ukwenza okuthile kulo, ikhishwe futhi esikhundleni sayo kwafakwa enye ingxenye entsha. Kungase futhi kwenzeke ukuthi uma izingcezu ezingqubuzanayo sezikhishiwe, imishini yeselula ithatha ukulawula futhi ilungise ukulandelana ngokwayo. Besebenzisa lezi zindlela, ososayensi bangangeza, basuse, noma bashintshe i-DNA njengoba kudingeka ukuze kuzuzwe imigomo efiselekayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-CRISPR iwubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo obuthembele emandleni amaprotheni e-Cas ukuze ahlukanise i-DNA phambi kwe-RNA yokuqashelwa efanele. Njengoba i-RNA ingahlanganiswa elebhu, amathuba okuhlela acishe angenamkhawulo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko
Ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR busetshenziselwa ukwethula izinguquko ku-genome ngokunemba okukhulu. Ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuyinhloko sinokulandelayo:
- izicelo zezokwelapha, njengesivivinyo sokuqeda i-HIV, noma ukwelapha izifo ezifana ne-Duchenne muscular dystrophy, isifo sikaHuntington, i-autism, i-progeria, i-cystic fibrosis, umdlavuza ongemuhle kathathu noma i-Angelman syndrome. Ucwaningo luphinde luzame ukuthola ukuthi lungasetshenziswa yini njengendlela yokuhlola ukuhlonza
- Ilwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezisakazwa izinambuzaneezifana nomalaleveva, zika, udenga, chikungunya noma yellow fever.
- I-Vegetal Biotechnology. Ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR bungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo zezitshalo ezijwayele kangcono imvelo, ukumelana nesomiso noma izinambuzane. Izakhiwo ze-Organoleptic zingashintshwa, kufaka phakathi izakhiwo ze-physicochemical, ukuze zifaneleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa komuntu.
Kubuchwepheshe bezilwane, ingasetshenziswa ukwethula ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, isibonelo ukwakha imihlambi imelana nezifo ezijwayelekile. Njengamanje, abukho ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR obugunyazwe ukwelapha izifo ezibangelwa isakhi sofuzo esisodwa esingalapheka ngokwalokhu kuhlelwa kofuzo. Ngalesi sizathu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha ziwumcabango kakhulu kunesizinda esisebenzayo futhi okwamanje zinesisekelo sokuhlola.
I-CRISPR kanye ne-bioethics
Ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo buveza izinselelo ezimbalwa ezihlobene ne-bioethics. Nakuba izicelo eziyinhloko zivuma, Izithiyo ezithile zinganqotshwa ekwenzeni lobu buchwepheshe obungabiza kakhulu butholakale kuwo wonke umuntu.
Ngokuqondene nezicelo zokuhlela izakhi zofuzo embonini eyinhloko, ezolimo kanye nemfuyo, zinhle inqobo nje uma zihloselwe ukuba wusizo kubantu. Yiqiniso, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya icala ngalinye ngokwehlukana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphatha izinhlobo zezitshalo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane kuyisithakazelo esikhulu somuntu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sicabangela ukungenelela ezimisweni zemvelo, kumelwe siqaphe kakhulu, ngoba noma yiluphi ushintsho olungalindelekile lungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu noma ezingalawuleki.
Mayelana nezicelo zezokwelapha, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo kubantu kudinga iziqinisekiso zokuphepha eziphezulu kakhulu, futhi ingasetshenziswa kuphela ezifweni okungekho okwamanje ukwelashwa okusebenzayo, noma ezifweni ezinemiphumela emibi kakhulu njengamanje. Okokugcina, ukuhlelwa kofuzo lwe-embryo akuthetheleleki ngokombono wesayensi noma wezimiso zokuziphatha.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-CRISPR nezici zayo.