Yadalwa kanjani i-Universe

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka okhokho bethu bebuka isibhakabhaka bemangele. Kusukela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kuya ekutheni kungani sikhona kulo mhlaba nokuthi kwenzekani uma sihamba. Omunye wemibuzo ethandwa kakhulu ye-metaphysical ukuthi ubani noma yini eqale konke, i.e. ukuthi indawo yonke yadalwa kanjani. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlela yesayensi iye yasivumela ukuba siphendule eminye yale mibuzo. Izitshalo zikhula ngoba zithola ilanga elanele nezakhamzimba emhlabathini nasemanzini. Isibhakabhaka siluhlaza ngoba amagagasi ahamba emkhathini, futhi siyagula ngoba amagciwane asihlasela. Kodwa i-Universe yadalwa kanjani?

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi i-Universe yadalwa kanjani nokuthi wawuyini umsuka wayo yonke into.

Yadalwa kanjani indawo yonke: Ithiyori yeBig Bang

Ithiyori yesayensi edume kakhulu neyamukelwa kabanzi iyithiyori yeBig Bang. Njengoba kungenzeka ufunde noma wezwa, I-Big Bang yigama elinikezwe isenzakalo esaqala yonke into ekhona. Ngokwale nkolelo-mbono, indawo yonke yanda ngokushesha isuka esimweni sokuqala esincane nesicindezelwe. Kodwa akukho ukuqhuma kwangempela, njengoba igama elithi "qhuma" lingasikisela.

Ubuchopho bakho buyaqhuma uma ufunda: Indawo yonke ayinayo indawo, ngoba akukho sikhala noma isikhathi okwakukhona ngaphambi kweBig Bang, ngakho-ke umsuka awukwazi ukuba seqophelweni elithile. Esikwaziyo nje ukuthi umkhathi uyaqhubeka nokukhula futhi uphole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyazi ukuthi imithala iyaqhela komunye nomunye, futhi ihamba ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha (sisanda kuthola umthala owaziwa kakhulu kuze kube manje). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona okuthile (okungabonakali futhi okungabonakali) "okuphushayo", okuyinto esiyazi njengendaba emnyama. Eqinisweni, u-5% kuphela wendawo yonke uyindaba evamile (yini eyenza wena, uMhlaba, nazo zonke izakhiwo ezibonakalayo endaweni yonke), kodwa u-85% uyindaba emnyama kanti u-10% osele ungamandla amnyama. Okusho ukuthi, ingxenye enkulu yendawo yonke yakhiwe izinto esingenakuzibona noma ukuziqonda.

Imisebe yangemuva ye-microwave iwubufakazi bokuba khona kweBig Bang. Itholwe ngo-1965, ihlehlela emuva endaweni yonke "iminyaka engu-380.000 kuphela". Ngokukala isignesha yale misebe, izinsalela ze-Big Bang, singakwazi ukubala cishe iminyaka yendawo yonke (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.800).

Yadalwa kanjani indawo yonke: Ithiyori ye-Big Bounce

Okwamangaza izazi zendawo yonke ukuthi umkhathi uyisicaba futhi ufana ngokumangalisayo. Okungukuthi, esikhundleni sokusatshalaliswa okunesiphithiphithi kwezinto namandla, yonke into ibonakala ishaya phansi futhi isakazeka kancane kancane, okusho ukuthi kufanele kube khona into ethile enomthelela kukho. Yilapho lokho ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi ama-inflationary epoch kuvela khona, inkathi lapho lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinto namandla kungase kwenzeke, okwenza indawo yonke ibe nobunye.

Ithiyori ye-inflation yahlongozwa ngu-Alan Guth ngo-1981 ukuze azame ukuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izenzakalo ezibangele i-Big Bang kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto okwalandela. Kodwa ukwehla kwamandla emali nakho kunobuthakathaka bakho, futhi abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi akwanele ukuchaza ukufana kwendawo yonke.

Okunye okungenziwa esikhundleni sokwehla kwamandla emali, okuhlongozwe isazi sefiziksi sasePrinceton University kanye noprofesa uPaul Steinhardt, yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "I-Big Bounce", efana ne "Big Bounce". Engxoxweni ne-Institute of Theoretical Physics ye-UAM/CSIC, uSteinhardt wachaza ukuthi ngaphambi kweBig Bang kwakukhona isikhathi sangaphambili se-systolic. Umkhathi uyazigoqa futhi anda futhi, uchaza kahle izici ezichazwe ngaphambilini kuphela ngokwenyuka kwamandla emali.

Ithiyori yendawo yonke ezungezayo noma ezungezayo

Igama likaRoger Penrose kungenzeka ukuthi uyalazi njengoba awina uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ngo-2020. Njengamanje uPenrose ungomunye wososayensi abacwaningwe kakhulu ngethiyori yemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Wahlongoza inkolelo-mbono okuyothi indawo yonke izodlula ezikhathini zokwanda nokufinyela ngendlela ejikelezayo. Ngakho manje sizodlula ekwandiseni. Njengoba kuchaziwe kulesi sihloko ku-The Conversation, ukufinyela okwedlulele kuzobizwa ngokuthi ukufinyela okukhulu futhi "kuzofana ngokwezibalo ne-Big Bang," okuzokwenzeka ngaphambi kokunwetshwa okusha.

ithiyori ehlukahlukene

Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko izazi ze-physics ezinazo ekuchazeni umsuka wendawo yonke ukuthi asinayo i-quantum theory of gravity, "inkolelo-mbono yakho konke." Ngamafuphi, izinto ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile esikalini se-quantum (ama-athomu, izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo) kunasezikalini eziphakeme, futhi asikakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka. Esikalini se-quantum, isimiso somzimba sikhona endaweni ephakeme yezifunda eziningana ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa, sibonisa kuphela esisodwa sazo nomaphi lapho sisilinganisa. Inkinga yekati likaSchrödinger ichaza kahle kakhulu.

Inkolelo-mbono ehlukahlukene ingase ichaze ezinye izinkinga izazi zendawo yonke eziye zazithola ukuze zichaze umsuka wendawo yonke. Ngokwalo mbono, kwakuyoba neqoqo elihlukile lendawo yonke, futhi eyethu iyingxenye encane yezinto ezihlukahlukene. Ukuze ithiyori yokuhlukahlukana isebenze, kufanele sicabangele okungenani izilinganiso zobukhulu obuyisithupha (sihlangabezana nokuthathu kuphela), kodwa ezinye izithiyori ezibonakalayo, njengethiyori yezintambo, ikhandidethi "lethiyori yakho konke," iphakamisa ukuthi kuzoba khona okungenani izilinganiso eziyishumi ngesikhathi esisodwa. .

ukuhlala ekulingiseni

Ekugcineni, kukhona inkolelo-mbono engakaze ikhishwe ngokuphelele umphakathi wesayensi, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlala ohlotsheni lwe-Matrix.

Isibonelo, isazi sendawo yonke yakwa-MIT uMax Tegmark sathi enkulumweni yango-2016 ehlonipha u-Isaac Asimov ukuthi imithetho yezibalo ebusa indawo yonke ingase inqunywe yithi, umphumela wama-algorithms adalwe ngamanye ama-ejenti, noma, ukuphimisa ukumangala kobuchopho bakho, kwakungabantu ngokwabo abadale ukulingisa esikhathini esithile esizayo ukuze badale kabusha okwedlule.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ezinye izimpucuko ezihlakaniphile zenze lo mkhathi olingisiwe njengento yocwaningo, noma ukuzijabulisa nje. Le mbono yokugcina cishe iyona ephikiswana kakhulu kunazo zonke, futhi asinabo ubufakazi bokuthi ingaba yiqiniso, nakuba ingeke ikhishwe ngokuphelele.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi i-Universe yadalwa kanjani kanye nemibono yayo.