Ngokusho kososayensi abalibheka eduze ilanga lethu futhi abanomlando womlando osukela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-250, kuya ku-1755, izinga lomsebenzi welanga kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2023 lifinyelele ukuqina okungakaze kube khona emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Laba chwepheshe abakhethekile babhala ngokucophelela ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi okwenzeka ebusweni belanga. Isenzeko sokwakheka kwe-sunspot saziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesinqamuleli. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi uyini umphumela wesinqamuleli.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi iyini into yesinqamuli, izici zayo kanye nemiphumela.
Imijikelezo yelanga namabala
Ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula, kube nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo komsebenzi welanga, okuphakamisa ukuthi inani eliphakeme lomjikelezo wokuphila weLanga, obekulindeleke ekuqaleni maphakathi no-2025, lisondela ngokushesha kunalokho obekulindelwe. Into ethokozisayo eyabonwa ngo-Ephreli kwakuwukuvela kwama-auroras ezindaweni eziphansi kunokuvamile, okuyinto ikhombisa ukushuba kweziphepho zakamuva ze-geomagnetic. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni ososayensi basole ukuthi isigaba “solar peak maximum” kungenzeka sifike kusasele unyaka kunobekulindelekile.
Nakuba iLanga libonakala liyindilinga engaguquki uma libhekwa eMhlabeni, empeleni liyashintshashintsha emsebenzini walo futhi linamandla okuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi yethu, amagesi ashisayo njenge-hydrogen ne-helium athwala amashaji kagesi, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezizibuthe ezinamandla amakhulu. Njengoba la magesi enyakaza, imigqa yamagnetic field iyanwebeka, ihlangane, isonteke futhi izihlele kabusha, okubangela lokho esikubiza ngokuthi umsebenzi welanga ebusweni beLanga.
Ubude bomjikelezo welanga cishe iminyaka eyi-11 futhi bunqunywa ngokuhlaziya ukuguquguquka kwenani lamachaphaza elanga atholakele futhi arekhodwa.. Izinga lomsebenzi welanga alifani futhi liyashintshashintsha phakathi kwezikhathi zomsebenzi ophezulu (okwaziwa ngokuthi ubuningi) kanye nezikhathi zokuzola okulinganiselwe (ezaziwa ngokuthi i-minima). Lokhu kuguquguquka kulandela iphethini eyaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo welanga, ngokuvamile othatha iminyaka engu-11, nakuba ubude namandla amazinga omjikelezo ngamunye angahluka. Phakathi nomjikelezo ngamunye, inkambu kazibuthe yeLanga iba nezinguquko eziholela ekuguqulweni kwezigxobo zayo ezisenyakatho naseningizimu.
Izifunda Zelanga ezibonisa umsebenzi onamandla kazibuthe zaziwa ngokuthi ama-sunspots. Lezi zindawo zelanga zinikeza ososayensi ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nenani lokukhanya, amandla nezinto ezikhishwa yiLanga, kuyilapho libavumela ukuba balandelele futhi balinganise umjikelezo welanga.
Umjikelezo weSolar 25
Ekuqaleni komjikelezo welanga, kunesikhathi esincane somsebenzi welanga, esibonakala ngenani elincane kakhulu lama-sunspots. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, kokubili izinga lomsebenzi kanye nenani lezindawo liyakhula kancane kancane. Maphakathi nendawo yomjikelezo, isilinganiso esiphezulu selanga sifinyelelwa, esimakwe ngenani elikhulu lamachashazi. Ngemva kwalesi siqongo, inani lamachashazi liqala ukwehla kuze kube yilapho umjikelezo uphetha ngokubuyela esimweni esincane selanga, okubonisa ukuqala komjikelezo omusha.
Ubuncane bakamuva belanga benzeke ngoDisemba 2019, okwaphawula ukuqala komjikelezo wamanje, owaziwa ngokuthi inombolo 25. Ekuqaleni, ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi ubukhulu belanga buzokwenzeka ngo-2025 ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni ezenziwe ngo-2020. Kodwa-ke, ukubonwa kwakamuva kubonisa ukuthi umjikelezo ubonisa izinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi kunalokho okulindelekile kulesi sigaba, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izibikezelo ezivezwe ngo-2025 ziyi. washeshe wahlangana.
NgokukaScott W. McIntosh, umqondisi we-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) e-United States, inani eliphakeme le-solar cycle 25 langena esigabeni salo esiphezulu ngonyaka ngaphambi kwalokho okwakulindelwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ilanga lethu likhiqiza iziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu ze-geomagnetic. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi umsebenzi welanga uzokwanda ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka nasekuqaleni kuka-2024, okuhambisana nokubonakala "komphumela wesinqamuleli."
Uyini umphumela wesinqamuleli
Kujenali ethi Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, ucwaningo luchaza ngokuba khona kwemijikelezo yelanga emibili efanayo kanye nehlangene phakathi kweLanga. Le mijikelezo ishintsha kalula, enye iyafiphala njengoba enye ivela. Lolu shintsho lufinyelela umvuthwandaba ekwandeni komsebenzi welanga kanye nokwakheka kwama-sunspots, into abacwaningi abayibiza ngokuthi "umphumela we-Terminator." Umqondo wokugqagqana kwemijikelezo yelanga waqale wahlongozwa usosayensi uWilliam Lockyer ngo-1903. owaqamba igama elithi "terminator" ukuchaza lezi zenzakalo.
Ngenhlanhla, iplanethi yethu ayizange ibe nomthelela we-solar ejecta enamandla yakamuva kakhulu, eyaziwa nangokuthi isinqamuli, eyabhalwa ngo-2012. Kusukela ngokuvutha kwelanga noma ukuqhuma ngaphakathi kwemvilophu kazibuthe ye-sunspot. Ngenxa yalokho, Umhlaba uhlaselwa ngokushesha ngama-X ray nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, okubangela i-ionization yezingxenye ezingaphezulu zomkhathi.
Imiphumela yomphumela wesinqamuleli
Phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo, iLanga likhulula ukushayisana kwezizibuthe ezinamandla okukhiqiza lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "ama-tsunami e-plasma." Uma wonke la magagasi e-plasma ebeqondiswe eMhlabeni ngokuqondile, imiphumela ibingase iphazamise kakhulu futhi idangele umonakalo. Imiphumela ingaba ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezokuxhumana nobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke, okubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kanye nokonakala.
I-magnetosphere yomhlaba, esebenza njengesivikelo seplanethi yethu, iyaphazamiseka lapho ukukhishwa okunamandla kwe-coronal mass okuvela ezindaweni ezingazinzile zeLanga kudlula esimisweni sonozungezilanga bese kuhlangana nomkhathi, okuholela eziphephoni ze-geomagnetic.
Umthelela weziphepho zelanga udlulela ngalé nje kokuphazanyiswa amasignali omsakazo, amasathelayithi nemisebenzi yasemkhathini. Lezi zenzakalo ezinamandla ziphinde ziphazamise izinhlelo zokuxhumana eMhlabeni, zibeke engcupheni ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-GPS, zithiye ukusebenza kwesikhungo sikagesi, futhi zenze ukuphepha kwezindiza zibe sengozini. Kodwa-ke, uma isiphepho selanga sibe nomthelela we-Terminator, Imiphumela ingaba mibi nakakhulu futhi izobangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngokwezimali.
Isenzakalo esinjalo sinamandla okubangela ukucinywa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu kuma-transformer kagesi futhi kuthinte kabi ingqalasizinda kagesi esekela ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Nakuba amathuba omcimbi we-Terminator othinta umhlaba ephansi kakhulu, umthelela wawo ongaba khona awukwazi ukubukelwa phansi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomphumela we-terminator nezici zawo.