El uthuli lwe-cosmic Yinto eyakhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane eziqinile ezitholakala emkhathini ophakathi kwezinkanyezi futhi eziye zakhiwa ngenxa yokubola kwezinkanyezi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Lezi zinhlayiya zincane kakhulu, ezinobubanzi obusuka kuma-nanometer ambalwa kuya kuma-micrometer ambalwa. Kodwa yini umsebenzi walolu thuli lwe-cosmic futhi luvela kanjani?
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nothuli lwe-cosmic, umsuka walo nokubaluleka kwalo.
Kuyini uthuli lwe-cosmic
Uthuli lwe-cosmic lukhona kuwo wonke umthala, futhi luyingxenye ebalulekile ye-interstellar matter, kanye negesi nezinkanyezi. Nakuba uthuli lwe-cosmic imelela ingxenye encane kuphela yesisindo esiphelele somthala, ukuba khona kwazo kubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi.
Uthuli lwe-cosmic lungatholwa ngokumuncwa nokusabalalisa ukukhanya kwenkanyezi, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushabalala. Ingatholwa futhi ngokukhipha imisebe ye-infrared ngenxa yezinga lokushisa layo, elingaba ama-degree Celsius angamakhulu amaningana.
Uthuli lwe-cosmic lunezinhlobonhlobo zokuqanjwa, okuhlanganisa i-silicates, i-graphite, iqhwa lamanzi, nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Ukwakheka kwezinhlayiya zothuli lwe-cosmic can ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isifunda somthala lapho zitholakala khona kanye nezimo ezakheka kuzo.
Ucwaningo lothuli lwe-cosmic lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi, kanye nokuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali omthala. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ubunjalo bemisebe engemuva kwendalo yonke kanye nokushabalala kokukhanya kwenkanyezi emthaleni.
Origen
Loluthuli lukhiqizwa ngokubola kwezinkanyezi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Phakathi nokuphila kwenkanyezi, izinqubo zokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi zenzeka emnyombweni wayo, zikhipha amandla amakhulu futhi zikhiqize izakhi ezisindayo kwezilula.
Lapho inkanyezi enesisindo esifana neLanga iphelelwa amandla enuzi, iqala ukulahlekelwa isisindo futhi inwebeka kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isigaba esikhulu esibomvu. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, inkanyezi ikhiphela izingqimba zayo zangaphandle emkhathini wezinkanyezi ngesimo segesi nothuli, yakhe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-nebula yeplanethi.
Ngaphandle kwe-nebulae yamaplanethi, eminye imithombo emikhulu i-supernovae, okuwukuqhuma okunobudlova okwenzeka lapho inkanyezi enkulu ishisa uphethiloli wayo wenuzi. Ngesikhathi se-supernova, amandla amakhulu akhiqizwa futhi izakhi ezinzima kanye nezinhlayiya zothuli zikhishelwa emkhathini we-interstellar.
Eminye imithombo yothuli lwe-cosmic ihlanganisa ukushayisana phakathi kwezindikimba zasemkhathini, njengama-asteroids kanye nenkanyezi enomsila, nokuguguleka kwezindikimba zasemkhathini ngenxa yemisebe kanye nomthelela wezinhlayiya ezinamandla emkhathini.
Uthuli lwe-cosmic lusatshalaliswa kuwo wonke umthala, kungaba ngendlela yamafu ahlukanisiwe noma aminyene, avame ukuhlotshaniswa nezifunda ezenza izinkanyezi. Ngaphezu kokuba ibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi, iphinde ibe nomthelela ekuhloleni izinkanyezi, njengoba idonsa futhi isakaze ukukhanya okubonakalayo futhi ithinte imisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa izindikimba zasezulwini.
Ukubaluleka kothuli lwe-cosmic
Uthuli lwe-cosmic lubalulekile ngezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-interstellar matter, okuyindlela izinkanyezi namaplanethi akheka ngayo. Isiza ukupholisa nokucindezela amafu egesi e-interstellar, ukuvumela amandla adonsela phansi ukuba athathe futhi aqale ukwakha izinkanyezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthuli lwe-cosmic lunethonya elibalulekile kumakhemikhali omthala. Izinhlayiya zisebenza njengezindawo ezikhuthazayo lapho kuhlangana khona amakhemikhali, futhi zinganikeza isivikelo emisebeni ye-cosmic eyingozi. Ukwakheka kothuli lwe-cosmic nakho kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuvela kwamakhemikhali omthala kanye nokwakheka kwezinto ezisindayo.
Esinye isizathu sokuthi kungani uthuli lwe-cosmic lubalulekile ukuthi luyisithiyo ekubukweni kwezinkanyezi kumaza athile. Uthuli lwe-cosmic lungamunca futhi lusabalalise ukukhanya okubonakalayo futhi lungavimba nemisebe ye-infrared ekhishwa izindikimba zasezulwini. Lokhu kwenza Ukubuka izinto zezinkanyezi ngothuli lwe-cosmic kunzima kakhulu futhi kudinga amasu akhethekile, njengokubheka ubude beza begagasi berediyo nokubona ku-infrared eseduze.
Ingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-interstellar medium ngakho-ke iyingxenye ebalulekile ye-cosmic puzzle iyonke. Ucwaningo lwabo lunganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nendlela izinkanyezi namaplanethi akheka ngayo nokuthi umthala wavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umsebenzi ku-Universe
Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi esezibaluliwe, yenza neminye imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile endaweni yonke. Isibonelo, kungaba nomthelela ekusakazeni kwamaza omsakazo kanye nezimpawu zokuxhumana emkhathini. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi kungabangela ukuncipha kumasignali omsakazo futhi kunciphise inani lokwaziswa okungasakazwa emkhathini.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile indima yawo ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila nama-asteroids. Izinhlamvu zothuli lwe-cosmic zinganamathela emizimbeni yasezulwini futhi zisebenze njengama-codensation nuclei ukuze kwakheke iqhwa namadwala. Njengoba lezi zindikimba zasezulwini zikhula, zingaba yizinkanyezi ezinomsila noma ama-asteroid azungeza iLanga futhi kwezinye izimo, kungaba nomthelela kumaplanethi noma izinyanga, okunomthelela obalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo nokuhlala kwamaplanethi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inganikeza ulwazi mayelana nendawo etholakala kuyo. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lwe-polarization yokukhanya okudlula othulini lwe-cosmic lunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo kazibuthe ze-interstellar medium.
Okokugcina, kuyingxenye ebalulekile yendawo yonke edlala izindima ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi namaplanethi, ekhemistry nasekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo komthala, ekuncipheni amasignali omsakazo, ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi ezinomsila nama-asteroids, nasekuqondeni. imvelo ye-interstellar. Ukucwaninga kwawo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indawo yonke futhi sixazulule izimfihlakalo zayo eziningi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nothuli lwe-cosmic nezici zalo.