El uthuli lwaseSahara Kunamadolobha amaningi eduze kogwadule lwaseSahara. Siyazi ukuthi isivunguvungu somoya singathutha izinhlayiya zesihlabathi futhi zigcine zifakwe ezindaweni ezahlukene. Lolu thuli lungadala izinkinga ezahlukene ekuphileni kwabantu kwansuku zonke futhi lungazuzisa ezinye zemvelo zemvelo.
Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi uthuli lwaseSahara luquketheni, yiziphi izici zalo nokuthi lulimaza noma luzuzisa kanjani imvelo nabantu.
Kuyini uthuli lwaseSahara
Kuyizinhlayiyana ezimiswe emkhathini ogwadule lwaseSahara futhi zithuthwe yimimoya ziye kwezinye izifunda. Ukuba khona kwawo emkhathini kungabangela ukuthukuthela okuthile esibhakabhakeni futhi, kwezinye izimo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukubonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushona kwelanga okunesibhakabhaka esiphuzi noma esibomvu phambi kothuli olumisiwe nakho kujwayelekile.
Lapho izulu liba khona kunothuli olumisiwe, sifaka uthuli olumanzi ngendlela yemvula yodaka (noma imvula yegazi). Ukumisa okomile kwenzeka lapho ukugxila kwezinhlayiyana kuphezulu futhi izinhlayiya ziwela phezulu ngamandla adonsela phansi.
Ama-incursions e-Sahara avame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-smog noma uthuli oluphuma emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlayiya ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene (izimboni, imililo, njll.) zingakhiqiza inkungu (izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu eziqinile ezimisweni). Ngokuqondile, Uthuli lwaseSahara lwakha uhlobo A haze noma inkungu yemvelo.
Ukwakheka kanye nokuhamba
Uthuli eSahara Yakhiwe ngezinhlanganisela ezahlukene zamaminerali ezitholakala phezu kwesihlabathi sasogwadule. Ama-silicates (i-muscovite, i-quartz, i-kaolinite, njll.) nama-carbonates (afana ne-calcite noma i-dolomite) awaningi.
E-Spain, uthuli lwase-Sahara luvame ukutholakala e-Canary Islands. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho imimoya yasempumalanga ikwazi ukuphephula uthuli oluvela ogwadule, ishiye isibhakabhaka esiguqubele kanye nezinga lomoya elibi kakhulu eziqhingini, ikakhulukazi ezisempumalanga. Lesi simo sivame kakhulu ebusika esiqhingini se-archipelago.
Kodwa-ke, lUkungena kothuli lwaseSahara nakho kuvame kakhulu eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu nasempumalanga yenhlonhlo. Lapha, izenzakalo zenzeke eduze kokucindezeleka okujulile eduze nasentshonalanga, okwakuvunguza imimoya yaseningizimu futhi kuthwele uthuli oluvela eNyakatho Afrika. Zingenzeka futhi lapho i-DANA isenyakatho yezwekazi, futhi imimoya egeleza esuka eningizimu-mpumalanga nayo ingawisa imvula yodaka.
Inkungu ebangelwa uthuli lwaseSahara iyanyamalala njengoba imimoya nomoya oququdayo kushintsha, ukudlulisela uthuli kwezinye izindawo.
Lukalwa kanjani uthuli lwaseSahara?
Zonke lezi zinhlobo zezinhlayiya ezincane ezimisiwe bangamaqembu e-PM10 kanye ne-PM2,5 (izinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwama-microns angu-10 nama-microns angu-2,5 ububanzi, ngokulandelanayo) futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukunquma ikhwalithi yomoya. Ngakho-ke, lawa marekhodi asetshenziselwa ukuqonda ukugcwala kothuli lwe-Saharan emkhathini.
Uthuli olusemoyeni luvame ukwenza i-AQI ibe yimbi, ikakhulukazi i-PM10. E-Spain, umkhawulo wansuku zonke we-PM10, eyingozi empilweni, isethwe ku-50 µg/m3. Ezimweni ezinjengomcimbi weKalima ngoMashi 2022, amanani afinyelela ku-1000 µg/m3 atholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu zenhlonhlo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngenxa ye-Barcelona Dust Forecast Centre, ephethwe yi-AEMET kanye ne-Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, izibikezelo zansuku zonke zothuli olumisiwe eYurophu ziyaziwa.
Izinzuzo nezingozi
Imiphumela emibi yothuli oluhamba emoyeni ogwadule lwaseSahara ihlotshaniswa nekhwalithi yomoya ewohlokayo. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kunemiphumela eqondile empilweni, njengezinkinga zokuphefumula nokucasuka kolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Futhi, ukugxilisa ingqondo kungenza kube nzima kwabanye abantu ukuphefumula ngisho nokuba nokukhathazeka.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi izehlakalo zobumnyama ezihambisana nokuhlasela kothuli oluvela eSahara nazo zinomugqa osiliva. Okuqukethwe kwawo kusawoti wamaminerali kanye nezinsimbi kusebenza njengomanyolo wemvelo wezolimo nokudoba ezindaweni lapho lezi zinhlayiya zifakwe khona.
Uma lesi simo senzeka ngokugxila okuphezulu, kunconywa ukuthi uphume kancane ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uhlale ugqoke imaski ukuze ugweme ukuhogela lezi zinhlayiya. Futhi Kunconywa ukugwema umsebenzi womzimba ngaphandle. Ezikhaleni zangaphakathi, kubalulekile ukugcina amafasitela evaliwe.
inkungu kanye nothuli lwaseSahara
Lesi yisimo sesimo sezulu esenzeka emkhathini futhi sibonakala ngokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu eziqinile ekumisweni, kodwa ngamanani anele ukunikeza umoya ukubukeka opaque. Yebo, yisihlabathi esintanta emoyeni.
Ngenxa yalokho, sibona izindawo eziguqubele nemibala ephuzi noma ewolintshi. Lezi zinhlayiya ngokuvamile ziwuthuli nesihlabathi, kodwa futhi zingakha umlotha kanye nenkungu yobumba, lapho izinhlayiya zincane kakhulu ngosayizi, ngamayunithi ama-microns namashumi ama-microns. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukuhogela isikhathi eside kwalezi zinto kuyingozi empilweni.
Ngokwe-etymologically sithola ukuthi ngesiLatini, i-caligo y i-caliginis, amagama ahunyushwa ngokuthi "intuthu emnyama", "ifu", "inkungu ekhanyayo nemnyama" noma "uthuli oluminyene", ngokucacile, i-haze akuyona into entsha, amaRoma asevele eyinike igama.
Kubalulekile ungahlanganisi intuthu nenkungu, okungase futhi kunciphise ukubonakala, kodwa kwenze umehluko omkhulu ngenxa yomswakama. Ngokungafani ne-smog, equkethe izinhlayiya eziqinile, ezomile emoyeni, inkungu nenkungu kuyizinhlayiya zamanzi endaweni ezungezile, futhi umoya omswakama kakhulu awunayo imiphumela emibi yezempilo, ngokungafani nentuthu.
Indawo evame kakhulu yokuthola inkungu eSpain yiCanary Islands, kodwa hhayi ngoba ivela lapho. Imvelaphi ye-calima izingwadule ezinkulu, njengogwadule lwaseSahara e-Canary Islands.
Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke kufanele kube nezinto ezimbili zezulu: isiphepho sothuli lwasogwadule kanye nemimoya eseningizimu noma yasempumalanga ezidonsela uthuli e-Canary Islands noma inhlonhlo ngokwayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngoMashi 2022.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezimpushana zaseSahara nezici zazo.